Neurotoxicity of vanadium

A Review on Air Pollution and a Link with Neurodegenerative Diseases in Nigeria

“…They concluded that the high concentrations of these metals in the mangrove/freshwater swamp and woodland/tall grass savannah agro-ecological zones may be related to increased mineral exploitation and the activities of militants in pipeline vandalization in this zone. Based on the findings of Usende et al (2017), interest is now on the rise concerning the use of AGR as a model for air pollution and vanadium neuroecotoxicology and to determine levels of animal and human exposure (Olaolorun et al 2021;Usende et al 2022b), due to the exploratory activities of this rodent. To begin to explore the neurodegenerative consequences of these heavy metals, Usende et al (2022b) processed the brain of these AGR from high vanadium and high lead zones for immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining and analysis and reported that brains from these heavy metal polluted zones had decreased density of immunoreactive neurons, shrinkage of immunostained soma, and decreased dendritic arbours and neuropil in dopaminergic neurons, basically in the substantia nigra, pars compacta, parvalbumin interneurons in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, as well as melanin-concentrating neurons and orexin-A neurons in the lateral hypothalamus.…”

“…carbons are often discharged into the environment, and spillage of oil into the environment does occur due to operational failures and vandalization (Adekunle et al 2013(Adekunle et al , 2015Olaolorun et al 2021;Usende et al 2022b). Hydrocarbon components of drilling fluids are mono-aromatics known as BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene), and BTEX compounds are highly volatile and are easily evaporated in warm or hot climates in tropical regions where humans are exposed through inhalation (Adekunle et al 2013(Adekunle et al , 2015.…”

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“…One such heavy metal reported to cause varying toxicities to the brain and, indeed, to a variety of biological systems is vanadium . Vanadium is a transition metal that crosses the blood-brain barrier (Fatola et al 2019) and causes oxidative stress by reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, lipid peroxidation, demyelination and neuropathologies in nervous tissues (Mustapha et al 2014(Mustapha et al , 2019bAzeez et al 2016;Folarin et al 2017;Ohiomokhare et al 2020;Olaolorun et al 2021). It is released in high atmospheric concentrations in its gaseous state as vanadium pentoxide, most especially during gas flaring and burning of fossil fuels (Igado et al 2012;Fortoul et al 2014).…”