Neurotoxicosis in 4 Cats Receiving Ronidazole

Rosado, Terri W.; Specht, Andrew; Marks, Stanley L.

doi:10.1111/j.1939-1676.2007.tb02968.x

Cited by 49 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Although ronidazole is readily available in Australia as 6–10% powders that are registered for use in birds, for practical and safety reasons a chemically pure source of ronidazole should be sourced from a compounding pharmacy for use in cats. Although most cats appear to tolerate ronidazole without untoward side‐effects, central nervous system toxicity, as reported for metronidazole, may occur 19 . To reduce the potential for neurotoxicity, once daily dosing of 30 mg/kg of ronidazole is now recommended, based on recent pharmacokinetic data 20…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline diarrhoea associated withTritrichomonascf.foetusandGiardiaco‐infection in an Australian cattery

et al. 2008

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A 10-week-old female Ocicat was presented at a primary care feline veterinary practice for failure to thrive and diarrhoea. Numerous trophozoites, atypical for Giardia sp., were detected on a direct faecal examination, in addition to Giardia cysts. Although the failure to thrive and diarrhoea resolved following treatment for giardiasis, further diagnostic tests performed on faecal specimens from the kitten and 15 other Ocicats from the same cattery, including culture of trophozoites in In Pouch medium, PCR testing and molecular sequencing of PCR amplicons, confirmed infection with Tritrichomonas cf. foetus. This is the first report in Australia of feline trichomoniasis, which appears to be an emerging infectious disease of cats. Pertinent information regarding the clinical features, diagnosis, therapy, and potential source of feline trichomoniasis within Australia are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Feline diarrhoea associated withTritrichomonascf.foetusandGiardiaco‐infection in an Australian cattery

et al. 2008

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“…11 Increased awareness of the reasons for these discrepancies and a better understanding of the in vitro effect of both antimicrobials should lead to the development of more effective and safer antimicrobials for the treatment of T foetus infection in cats, because both drugs have been associated with neurotoxicity in this species. 12 Although not considered a pathogen in humans to date, the wide host variation (Tritrichomonas suis in pigs, T foetus in cattle and cats) displayed by this organism warrants further consideration regarding its zoonotic potential. To date, there has been only 1 documented human case of T foetus infection in a patient who was immunocompromised.…”

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Determination of the In Vitro Susceptibility of Feline Tritrichomonas foetus to 5 Antimicrobial Agents

Kather¹,

Marks²,

Kass³

2007

Veterinary Internal Medicne

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Background: The nitroimidazole, ronidazole, has been demonstrated to have in vitro and in vivo activity against the protozoan Tritrichomonas foetus in cats. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro susceptibility of feline T foetus isolates obtained from naturally infected cats to 5 antimicrobial agents and to compare the in vitro time kill of ronidazole and metronidazole.Hypothesis: We hypothesized that nitroimidazoles have in vitro activity against T foetus, whereas furazolidone, omeprazole, and paromomycin do not.Animals: Fecal specimens were cultured from 4 naturally infected Bengal cats with a history of T foetus-associated diarrhea.Methods: A 24-hour susceptibility assay was performed on all 4 isolates for the 5 antimicrobial agents. A time-kill microdilution method was performed on 2 isolates for metronidazole and ronidazole.Results: Paromomycin and omeprazole showed no in vitro effect at concentrations #80 mg/mL. There was no significant difference in 24-hour susceptibilities among metronidazole, ronidazole, and furazolidone. In addition, only the results of the highest concentration tested (80 mg/mL) and concentrations of 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL revealed significant differences in the rate of trophozoite killing, with ronidazole having a faster reduction in trophozoite survival.Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Time-kill assays demonstrated ronidazole had a higher lethal activity compared with metronidazole. These findings contrast with a previously published report and may reflect strain variation, different methodologies, or both. The lack of clinical response seen with metronidazole administration to treat feline trichomoniasis may not reflect inherent resistance but rather in vivo events involving drug distribution and pharmacokinetics.

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“…Such studies are needed to better understand the pathological significance of these infections and to enable the development of novel treatment strategies to prevent or ameliorate their clinical effects. This is particularly true for feline intestinal T. foetus, where infection causes a lifelong recurrent diarrhea that is difficult to treat (5,6,(9)(10)(11)(12)(13)(14).…”

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Cysteine Protease Activity of Feline Tritrichomonas foetus Promotes Adhesion-Dependent Cytotoxicity to Intestinal Epithelial Cells

et al. 2014

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bTrichomonads are obligate protozoan parasites most renowned as venereal pathogens of the reproductive tract of humans and cattle. Recently, a trichomonad highly similar to bovine venereal Tritrichomonas foetus but having a unique tropism for the intestinal tract was recognized as a significant cause of colitis in domestic cats. Despite a high prevalence, worldwide distribution, and lack of consistently effective drugs for treatment of the infection, the cellular mechanisms of T. foetus pathogenicity in the intestinal tract have not been examined. The aims of this study were to determine the pathogenic effect of feline T. foetus on porcine intestinal epithelial cells, the dependence of T. foetus pathogenicity on adhesion of T. foetus to the intestinal epithelium, and the identity of mediators responsible for these effects. Using an in vitro coculture approach to model feline T. foetus infection of the intestinal epithelium, these studies demonstrate that T. foetus promotes a direct contact-dependent activation of intestinal epithelial cell apoptosis signaling and progressive monolayer destruction. Moreover, these pathological effects were demonstrated to be largely dependent on T. foetus cell-associated cysteine protease activity. Finally, T. foetus cysteine proteases were identified as enabling cytopathic effects by promoting adhesion of T. foetus to the intestinal epithelium. The present studies are the first to examine the cellular mechanisms of pathogenicity of T. foetus toward the intestinal epithelium and support further investigation of the cysteine proteases as virulence factors in vivo and as potential therapeutic targets for ameliorating the pathological effects of intestinal trichomonosis.

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Neurotoxicosis in 4 Cats Receiving Ronidazole

Cited by 49 publications

References 20 publications

Feline diarrhoea associated withTritrichomonascf.foetusandGiardiaco‐infection in an Australian cattery

Feline diarrhoea associated withTritrichomonascf.foetusandGiardiaco‐infection in an Australian cattery

Determination of the In Vitro Susceptibility of Feline Tritrichomonas foetus to 5 Antimicrobial Agents

Cysteine Protease Activity of Feline Tritrichomonas foetus Promotes Adhesion-Dependent Cytotoxicity to Intestinal Epithelial Cells

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