Neutral Nonenzymatic Glucose Biosensors Based on Electrochemically Deposited Pt/Au Nanoalloy Electrodes

Abstract

Background Type I diabetes occurs when the pancreas can only make limited or minimal insulin. Patients with type 1 diabetes need effective approaches to manage diabetes and maintain their blood-glucose concentration. Recently, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) has been used to help control blood-glucose levels in patients with type 1 diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes may also benefit from CGM on multiple insulin injections, basal insulin, or sulfonylureas. Enzyme-free glucose detection in a neutral environment is the recent development trend of CGM. Materials and Methods Pt/Au alloy electrodes for enzyme-free glucose detection in a neutral environment were formed by electrochemically depositing Pt/Au alloy on a thin polycarbonate (PC) membrane surface with a uniformly distributed micro-hemisphere array. The PC membranes were fabricated using semiconductor microelectromechanical manufacturing processes, precision micro-molding, and hot embossing. Amperometry was used to measure the glucose concentration in PBS (pH 7.4) and artificial human serum. Results The Pt/Au nanoalloy electrode had excellent specificity for glucose detection, according to the experimental results. The device had a sensitivity of 2.82 μA mM −1 cm −2 , a linear range of 1.39–13.9 mM, and a detection limit of 0.482 mM. Even though the complex interfering species in human blood can degrade the sensing signal, further experiments conducted in artificial serum confirmed the feasibility of the proposed Pt/Au nanoalloy electrode in clinical applications. Conclusion The proposed Pt/Au nanoalloy electrode can catalyze glucose reactions in neutral solutions with enhancing sensing performance by the synergistic effect of bimetallic materials and increasing detection surface area. This novel glucose biosensor has advantages, such as technology foresight, good detection performance, and high mass production feasibility. Thus, the proposed neutral nonenzymatic glucose sensor can be further used in CGMs.

Used tissue paper as a 3D substrate for non-enzyme glucose sensors

“…The BE differences are smaller than those of bare Au (3.70 eV) and Pt (3.40 eV), indicating enhanced electron transfer properties and glucose binding on the Au–Pt nanoparticles. 54 Similarly, the Au–Pt bimetal with a higher ratio of Pt (Au 3 Pt 7 ) (Fig. S18†) has lower BEs than the Au–Pt bimetal with a lower ratio of Pt (Au 7 Pt 3 ).…”

Sensors and digital medicine in orthopaedic surgery

“…These sensors, combined with new low energy communication technology and expanded internet protocols have made for exciting potential in health care surveillance. Certainly, everyone has seen the advertisements for glucose sensors that ensure appropriate insulin supply [2,13] . Sensors can be fabricated on paper or etextiles for wireless powered disposable sensing devices [14,15] .…”

“…Certainly, everyone has seen the advertisements for glucose sensors that ensure appropriate insulin supply. [ 2 , 13 ] Sensors can be fabricated on paper or etextiles for wireless powered disposable sensing devices. [ 14 , 15 ] Devices have recently been brought to market for niche problems in diagnostics.…”

Optimized Copper-Based Microfeathers for Glucose Detection

“…In this scenario, non-enzymatic nanostructures have gained much attention due to their outstanding properties in mimicking enzyme systems [15]. Several authors have published their results with different non-enzymatic electrodes, which can detect glucose under physiological conditions, such as neutral pH and in the presence of common interferences such as ibuprofen or ascorbic acid [16][17][18]. For example, authors have developed a TiO 2 /PAPBA/Au glucose sensor which measures glucose at neutral pH with good sensitivity [19].…”