Neutralization of atmospheric acidity by chemical weathering in an alpine drainage basin in the North Cascade Mountains

Drever, James I.; Hurcomb, Douglas R.

doi:10.1130/0091-7613(1986)14<221:noaabc>2.0.co;2

Cited by 162 publications

(79 citation statements)

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“…Stability diagrams were plotted with the assumptions that the system was closed with respect to Al and that water temperature was 25°C. Thermodynamic data are from Drever (1982). Replotting the figures with the actual stream temperatures made no appreciable difference.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Geochemical and hydrologic controls on the composition of surface water in a high‐elevation basin. Sierra Nevada, California

Williams

Brown

Mélack³

1993

Limnology & Oceanography

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Hydrologic, mineralogic, and soil data are used to determine the sources and geochemical controls on the composition of surface water in the Emerald Lake watershed (ELW), a high-altitude basin located in the southern Sierra Nevada. The solute composition of stream waters at the ELW can be divided into three periods: snowpack runoff, a transition period in summer as snowpack runoff decreases and little precipitation occurs, and a low-flow period from late summer through winter. Each period has different geochemical controls on the solute composition of surface waters. During snowpack runoff -50% of stream flow was from direct surface runoff and -50% of stream flow was return flow from subsurface reservoirs. Hydrologic residence time of subsurface water at maximum snowpack runoff was measured directly with a 6LiBr tracer and varied from 9 to 20 h. Three independent measurements show that the acidity in snowpack runoff was neutralized by cation exchange in soils and talus. Discharge from soil reservoirs was the primary source of stream flow during the summer transition period when the composition of stream flow was congruent with the stoichiometry of plagioclase weathering. Processes occurring below the soil zone exerted the dominant geochemical controls on the composition of stream waters during the period of low flow, with preferential weathering of the anorthite component of plagioclase in subsurface rock and further weathering of kaolinite to gibbsite.The composition of surface waters in montane areas that are underlain by crystalline bedrock has traditionally been interpreted as ' Current address:

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…If groundwater discharge is the major source of stream flow during storm events in granitic basins, chemical weathering is generally considered to be the major process that neutralizes incoming acidity (Miller andDrever 1977: 775 Drever andHurcomb 1986;Mast et al 1990). …”

Section: Acknowledgmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Geochemical and hydrologic controls on the composition of surface water in a high‐elevation basin. Sierra Nevada, California

Williams

Brown

Mélack³

1993

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Solutes and gases in surface water and groundwater can derive from many different sources. Main contributions to the chemical composition include atmospheric input, interaction with the biomass and soil, and mixing with deeper, mineralised groundwater, dissolution of minerals from bedrock and anthropogenic input (Garrels & Mackenzie, 1971;Raiswell, 1984;Drever & Hurcomb, 1986;Tranter et al, 1993;Brown et al, 1994;Aquilina et al, 1997;Stober et al, 1999). Separation of the different contributions is difficult in densely populated low-altitude catchments covered by vegetation (Hilberg & Riepler, 2016).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemical composition of surface- and groundwater in fast-weathering silicate rocks in the Seiland Igneous Province, North Norway

Stober¹,

Teiber²,

Li³

et al. 2017

NJG

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The geochemical composition of nepheline-syenite, carbonatite, ultramafic rocks and gabbro samples from the Seiland Igneous Province is presented in terms of whole-rock chemistry, major and selected trace elements, and mineralogy. Additionally, the hydrochemistry of around 100 surface water, groundwater, rainfall and seawater samples from the area is presented. Surface water and groundwater solute chemistry can be explained in terms of reaction of precipitation with bedrock minerals: the waters thus acquire a clear chemical signature dependent on the catchment's lithology. The mineralisation of the waters (total dissolved solids or TDS) is generally low, although it is somewhat elevated in carbonatite-or nepheline-syenitedominated terrains, in comparison with ultramafic, gabbro or granitic terrains. Additionally, each lithology exhibits its specific water type. Thus, waters in a nepheline-syenite-dominated terrain tend to be Ca-Na-HCO 3 rich with relatively high pH, whereas waters in carbonatite terrains are Ca-HCO 3 dominated with only slightly elevated pH. Waters in ultramafic rocks exhibit strongly elevated Mg concentrations with circumneutral pH, whereas waters from gabbros are variable in terms of their major cation (Mg, Ca, Na) composition. Mineral stability diagrams aid our understanding of the evolution of rainwater by chemical interaction with rocks in each lithology. In gabbro and ultramafic terrains, such diagrams suggest that kaolinite is likely to be the primary alteration product and that saturation with respect to calcite will not be reached; instead, the waters will evolve until saturation with respect to stilbite (a Na-Ca zeolite mineral) is attained. Waters in ultramafic rocks will then follow this stable phase boundary until saturation with respect to chlorite is achieved. The gabbro waters, on the other hand, could also follow the stable phase-boundary to stilbite until saturation with respect to paragonite (a sodium mica) is reached, depending on the plagioclase-to-clinopyroxene ratio (Plg/Cpx). Surprisingly, it is found that olivine (i.e., forsterite) does not control the water chemistry in gabbros and ultramafic rocks..

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“…Recent geochemical studies have suggested that mineral-water interactions involving ferromagnesian silicates (especially pyroxenes and amphiboles, or "pyriboles") play a significant role in base-cation and hydrogen ion budgets during the weathering of landscapes underlain by silicate rocks (e.g., Katz et al, 1985;April et al, 1986;Bricker, 1986;Drever and Hurcomb, 1986). The mechanisms of these reactions in natural systems, however, are not well understood.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weathering of Hornblende to Ferruginous Products by a Dissolution-Reprecipitation Mechanism: Petrography and Stoichiometry

Velbel

1989

Clays and clay miner.

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Abstract--Hornblende of the Carrol Knob mafic complex (southern Blue Ridge Mountains, North Carolina) has weathered under humid, temperate conditions. Hornblende weathering appears to have been a dissolution-reprecipitation reaction, in which hornblende dissolved stoichiometrically, and the ferruginous and aluminous weathering products (goethite, gibbsite, and kaolinite) precipitated from solution (neoformation). During the earliest stage of alteration, ferruginous weathering products formed as linings of fractures within and around crystals and cleavage fragments of hornblende. Side-by-side coalescence of lenticular etch pits during more advanced weathering produced characteristic "denticulated" terminations on hornblende remnants in dissolution cavities bounded by ferruginous boxworks. Dissolution cavities are devoid of weathering products. Small "pendants" of ferruginous material project from the boxwork into void spaces. Because these products are separated from the hornblende remnants by void space, they must have been produced by dissolution-reprecipitation reactions. Complete removal of the parent hornblende left a ferruginous microboxwork or "negative pseudomorph." Only A1 and Fe were conserved over microscopic distances; alkali and alkaline-earth elements were stoichiometrically removed from the weathering microenvironment during the weathering process.

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Neutralization of atmospheric acidity by chemical weathering in an alpine drainage basin in the North Cascade Mountains

Cited by 162 publications

References 0 publications

Geochemical and hydrologic controls on the composition of surface water in a high‐elevation basin. Sierra Nevada, California

Geochemical and hydrologic controls on the composition of surface water in a high‐elevation basin. Sierra Nevada, California

Chemical composition of surface- and groundwater in fast-weathering silicate rocks in the Seiland Igneous Province, North Norway

Weathering of Hornblende to Ferruginous Products by a Dissolution-Reprecipitation Mechanism: Petrography and Stoichiometry

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