“…Vanadium in heavy oil has been determined by use of spectrophotometry, 1,2 flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), 3,4 graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS), 5,6 inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), 7 and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). 8 Among them, INAA includes disadvantages of high cost and limited availability. These methods except for INAA have been followed by the sample digestion processes with acids, which also subject to disadvantages such as long times, analyte loss, and contamination.…”