Neutron fluences and energy spectra in the Cosmos-2044 biosatellite orbit

Evaluation of the neutron radiation environment inside the International Space Station based on the Bonner Ball Neutron Detector experiment

“…The neutron spectrum inside the STS-89 has higher flux than those inside the ISS. This result is consistent with the albedo neutron measurements reported by Dudkin et al (1992), and the neutron radiation environment inside the ISS predicted by Armstrong and Colborn (2001), which is mainly due to solar-activity variation, namely the anti-correlation of GCR flux and trapped-proton flux with solar activity (e.g. Dachev et al, 1999).…”

Neutron Environment Calculations for Low Earth Orbit

“…o inclination between 216-296 km resulted in 35 µSv/d using nuclear emulsion [3] and compared favorably with the neutron albedo model of 25 µSv/d estimated for near polar orbits at the cycle 20 solar minimum [2]. Similar measurements within the Spacehab on STS-57 in a 28.5 o inclination orbit at 462 km yield 174 µSv/d compared to 12.5 µSv/d from the albedo neutrons near solar maximum.…”

“…The neutron dose equivalent on STS-36 was found to be 45 µSv/d compared to 25 µSv/d from the albedo model and on STS-31 the measurements were 345 µSv/d compared to 12.5 µSv/d from the albedo model again showing the Shuttle to be a strong source of neutrons. Small spacecraft have relatively few locally produced neutrons as seen on Cosmos-2044 and also on the Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO-6) satellite where only 3 to 4 percent corrections of the albedo neutron measurements resulted from neutrons produced locally in the spacecraft materials [3,11].…”

“…Within the spacecraft, the environment is a complex mixture of surviving primary particles and secondary radiations produced in the spacecraft structure. Various arrangements of detectors have been used to study the composition of the internal radiation fields within spacecrafts in low Earth orbit (LEO) [3][4][5][6]. These studies need to be understood in terms of computational models [7][8][9] to allow a better understanding of the local environment of the astronauts' critical tissues in addition to aiding future design processes.…”

Time serial analysis of the induced LEO environment within the ISS 6A

“…Various arrangements of detectors have been used to study the composition of the internal radiation fields within the spacecraft, which need to be understood in terms of computational models to allow a better understanding of the local environment at the location of the astronauts' critical tissues. As a result, a number of studies of the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment have been made to better understand the nature of the radiations within a spacecraft (Badhwar et al 1995a, Dudkin et al 1992, Keith et al 1992, Lyagushin et al 1998, Dachev et al 2002 and to understand these results in terms of computational models (Badhwar 1995b, Shinn et al 1995, Wilson et al 2002, Hugger et al 2003, Getselev et al 2004, Nealy et al 2007). With improved understanding of the LEO environment comes the possibility of testing new designs for future exploration systems in LEO orbital flight prior to commitment to human operations on the moon and Mars.…”