Neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment and their functional modulation by mesenchymal stromal cells

Differential landscape of immune evasion in oncogenic RAS-driven primary and metastatic colorectal cancers

“…In a fashion similar to that of TAMs, tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) have been categorized as N1 and N2 subtypes associated with antitumorigenic and protumorigenic properties, respectively. 15 , 16 Although our data did not distinguish between these particular subtypes, the overall increased abundance of neutrophils in tandem with increased M2 TAMs suggests an additive, and possibly synergistic, inflammatory composition that induces immunosuppression in KRAS MT cases. The reported role of TANs in angiogenesis and overall promotion of metastasis is believed to be orchestrated in part by mesenchymal stromal cells.…”

“…The reported role of TANs in angiogenesis and overall promotion of metastasis is believed to be orchestrated in part by mesenchymal stromal cells. 16 Overall, defining differences in the CRC TIME within KRAS MT primary and metastatic tumors provides another layer of understanding that will inform targeted therapeutic strategies in the era of direct targeting of specific isoforms of KRAS, with or without incorporation of immune checkpoint inhibitors under investigation. 17 Examples have emerged over the past several years that inhibition of KRAS MT (e.g., G12C) induces changes in the surrounding TIME that sensitize tumors to checkpoint inhibitor therapy.…”

Development and Validation of a Nomogram Based on Inflammatory indicators and Tumor Markers for Prognosis Prediction of Colorectal Cancer

“…Initially, neutrophils were thought to have a protective function against tumors, but previous studies have shown that neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment play a role in promoting growth, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of various cancers [22][23][24] . Circulating neutrophils mediate migration to tumor tissues via CXC motif chemokine ligand 2 -CXC motif chemokine receptor chemotaxis 25,26 , termed "tumor-associated neutrophils" 27 .…”

Cellular expansion of MSCs: Shifting the regenerative potential

“…These immunosuppressive effects on T-cell proliferation held true even when cell-cell contact between effector cells (T lymphocytes and dendritic cells) and BMSCs was inhibited, suggesting a critical role of the secretome in immunosuppression (Di Nicola et al, 2002). Further sive and proangiogenic phenotype (Zheng et al, 2022). MSCs also inhibit the activation of proinflammatory M1 macrophages and promote the polarization of macrophages to the anti-inflammatory M2 phenotype (Holthaus et al, 2022;Stevens et al, 2020), inhibit the proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production of natural killer cells (Spaggiari et al, 2008), suppress the proliferation, activation, and differentiation of T cells into pro-inflammatory Th1 and Th17 helper cells while simultaneously increasing the activity of regulatory T lymphocytes (Luz-Crawford et al, 2013), inhibit the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (Spaggiari et al, 2009), and suppress the proliferation and maturation of B cells .…”

“…These include improving the lifespan, increasing phagocytosis capacity, and decreasing apoptosis of neutrophils (Taghavi‐Farahabadi et al, 2021 ). MSCs enhance the immune function of neutrophils' inflammatory factor expression modulated by the release of IL‐8, MIF, TSG6, IL‐10, and NO; these findings are reinforced through studies showing how MSCs derived from myeloma patients activate and transform neutrophils into an immunosuppressive and proangiogenic phenotype (Zheng et al, 2022 ). MSCs also inhibit the activation of proinflammatory M1 macrophages and promote the polarization of macrophages to the anti‐inflammatory M2 phenotype (Holthaus et al, 2022 ; Stevens et al, 2020 ), inhibit the proliferation, cytotoxicity, and cytokine production of natural killer cells (Spaggiari et al, 2008 ), suppress the proliferation, activation, and differentiation of T cells into pro‐inflammatory Th1 and Th17 helper cells while simultaneously increasing the activity of regulatory T lymphocytes (Luz‐Crawford et al, 2013 ), inhibit the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells (Spaggiari et al, 2009 ), and suppress the proliferation and maturation of B cells (Wang, Wang, et al, 2018 ).…”