New advances in pharmaceutical strategies for sensitizing anti‐PD‐1 immunotherapy and clinical research

Abstract

Attempts have been made continuously to use nano-drug delivery system (NDDS) to improve the effect of antitumor therapy. In recent years, especially in the application of immunotherapy represented by antiprogrammed death receptor 1 (anti-PD-1), it has been vigorously developed. Nanodelivery systems are significantly superior in a number of aspects including increasing the solubility of insoluble drugs, enhancing their targeting ability, prolonging their half-life, and reducing side effects. It can not only directly improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy, but also indirectly enhance the antineoplastic efficacy of immunotherapy by boosting the effectiveness of therapeutic modalities such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, photothermal, and photodynamic therapy (PTT/PDT). Here, we summarize the studies published in recent years on the use of nanotechnology in pharmaceutics to improve the efficacy of anti-PD-1 antibodies, analyze their characteristics and shortcomings, and combine with the current clinical research on anti-PD-1 antibodies to provide a reference for the design of future nanocarriers, so as to further expand the clinical application prospects of NDDSs.

Biomimetic Nano‐Immunoactivator via Ionic Metabolic Modulation for Strengthened NIR‐II Photothermal Immunotherapy

“…Particularly, the expression of PD‐L1 in tumor cells is upregulated in response to the secreted of IFN‐γ, and becomes a part of adaptive immune resistance. [ 41 ] It is a mainstream strategy to achieve the robust T‐cell‐based immune response by further combining with PD‐1 or PD‐L1 antibody. Therefore, we evaluated the intensified anticancer immunotherapeutic efficacy of CuS/Z@M 4T1 together with aPD‐1.…”

Thermo-Sensitive Nanoparticle-Hydrogel Composite Based on Pluronic F127 and Phycocyanin for an Enhanced Chemo-Photodynamic Antitumor Effect

“…16−18 NDDSs can significantly improve the tumor-targeting efficiency of loaded drugs, enhance selectivity, reduce side effects, and improve the efficacy of combination therapy. 19 potential immunotoxicity related to carrier materials. 22 Currently, local drug delivery systems demonstrate benefits in terms of tumor drug accumulation and regulated drug release.…”

“…Numerous nano-drug delivery systems (NDDS), including nanoliposomes and nano-hydrogels, have been created in recent years to deliver chemotherapy medicines and photosensitizers to tumors. − NDDSs can significantly improve the tumor-targeting efficiency of loaded drugs, enhance selectivity, reduce side effects, and improve the efficacy of combination therapy. − Nevertheless, intravenous NDDSs are susceptible to various issues: including untimely drug release, unsynchronized targeting, dosage constraints, and potential immunotoxicity related to carrier materials . Currently, local drug delivery systems demonstrate benefits in terms of tumor drug accumulation and regulated drug release. , Among them, localized drug delivery platforms have the capability to establish drug reservoirs at the tumor area, enabling sustained and controlled release of loaded drugs over an extended duration.…”