“…Even when the National Front (in the 1970s) and the British National Party (in the 2000s) experienced short-lived successes, the threat they presented never came close to that posed by populist radical right parties (PRRPs) in continental Europe (Goodwin, 2007). There, since the 1990s, the success of PRRPs' anti-system, anti-elite and anti-immigration appeals have put mainstream actors in a number of countries under significant, even existential pressure (Kitschelt and McGann, 1997;Eatwell, 2000;Downs, 2001;Bale, 2003 andCarter, 2005;van Spanje and van der Brug, 2007;Meguid, 2008;van Spanje, 2010;Akkerman, 2012;de Lange, 2012;Mudde, 2013). In many continental European democracies this has led to responses ranging from the use of similar (if sometimes slightly diluted) rhetoric to the radical right, through the adoption of its policies, right up to its co-option into coalition government.…”