New Analytical Tool for the Detection of Ractopamine Abuse in Goat Skeletal Muscle by Potential Gene Expression Biomarkers

Abstract

In this study, quantification of mRNA gene expression was examined as biomarkers to detect ractopamaine abuse and ractopamaine residues in cashmere goats. It was focused on the identification of potential gene expression biomarkers and describing the coreletionship between gene expression and residue level by 58 animals for 49 days. The results showed that administration periods and residue levels significantly influenced mRNA expressions of the β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR), the enzymes PRKACB, ADCY3, ATP1A3, ATP2A3, PTH, and MYLK, and the immune factors IL-1β and TNF-α. Statistical analysis like principal components analysis (PCA), hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA), and discriminant analysis (DA) showed that these genes can serve as potential biomarkers for ractopamine in skeletal muscle and that they are also suitable for describing different residue levels separately.

Impact of Postharvest Nitric Oxide Treatment on Lignin Biosynthesis-Related Genes in Wax Apple (Syzygium samarangense) Fruit

“…Three replications per sample were used for the real-time PCR analysis, and the values are expressed as means ± the standard deviation. 37 ■ RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Effect of NO on Weight Loss, Flesh Firmness, and Softening Index. As shown in Figure 2, the wax apple weight loss rate increased gradually during storage and reached 3.45% in control fruit on day 12, but this increase was significantly reduced by NO treatment (P < 0.01).…”

Identification of transcriptional biomarkers by RNA-sequencing for improved detection of β2-agonists abuse in goat skeletal muscle

“…Therefore, the results of 17 genes selected by a combination of targeted and non-targeted methods as biomarkers to identify animals treated with ractopamine were more satisfactory. This study revealed that the method established in the earlier literature [20] could be inhanced by adding eight genes selected by RNA-seq, which has a high throughput potential.…”

“…Compared with qRT-PCR, RNA-seq has higher detection throughput and a wider detection range, which provides a possibility of finding more biomarkers. To find more accurate biomarkers at the transcriptional level for β 2 -agonist drug misuse monitoring, this study improved the previous study [20] with a high-throughput RNA-seq technology. This approach is expected to further screen target genes to obtain more stable, sensitive and efficient biomarkers for higher detection precision.…”

“…In the earlier research [20], nine genes selected from literatures including β 2 -adrenergic receptor (ADRB2), cAMP-dependent protein kinase (PRKACB), adenylate cyclase 3 (ADCY3), Na + /K + -ATPase (ATP1A3), Ca ++ -ATPase (ATP2A3), parathyroid hormone (PTH), myosin light chain kinase (MYLK), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL1B) were used to differentiate experimental group samples from control group samples. The relative expression fold and changing trend of each gene were consistent with the mechanism of β 2 -agonist drugs.…”

“…In this study, RNA-sequencing was used as a non-targeted-omics technique to optimize the group of genes selected through a targeted -omics method [20]. Compared with qRT-PCR, RNA-seq has higher detection throughput and a wider detection range, which provides a possibility of finding more biomarkers.…”