New and interesting species of Penicillium (Eurotiomycetes, Aspergillaceae) in freshwater sediments from Spain

Abstract

Penicillium species are common fungi found worldwide from diverse substrates, including soil, plant debris, food products and air. Their diversity in aquatic environments is still underexplored. With the aim to explore the fungal diversity in Spanish freshwater sediments, numerous Penicillium strains were isolated using various culture-dependent techniques. A preliminary sequence analysis of the β-tubulin (tub2) gene marker allowed us to identify several interesting species of Penicillium, which were later characterized phylogenetically with the barcodes recommended for species delimitation in the genus. Based on the multi-locus phylogeny of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) of the ribosomal DNA, and partial fragments of tub2, calmodulin (cmdA), and the RNA polymerase II largest subunit (rpb2) genes, in combination with phenotypic analyses, five novel species are described. These are P. ausonanum in section Lanata-Divaricata, P. guarroi in sect. Gracilenta, P. irregulare in sect. Canescentia, P. sicoris in sect. Paradoxa and P. submersum in sect. Robsamsonia. The study of several isolates from samples collected in different locations resulted in the reinstatement of P. vaccaeorum into section Citrina. Finally, P. heteromorphum (sect. Exilicaulis) and P. tardochrysogenum (sect. Chrysogena) are reported, previously only known from Antarctica and China, respectively.

Seven New Species of Eurotiales (Ascomycota) Isolated from Tidal Flat Sediments in China

“…Sect. Lanata-Divaricata is a species-rich section in Penicillium, and about 85 species have been described hitherto [4,20,27,28,31,33]. Our phylogenetic tree indicated that P. zhanjiangense was well-located among other species of sect.…”

“…With the application of multiple loci phylogeny, the inter-specific relationships within these genera have become more clear [13][14][15]. Currently, the genus Aspergillus comprises 483 species belonging to 27 sections [11,[16][17][18][19][20][21][22], Penicillium contains 530 species in 33 sections [20,[22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], and Talaromyces includes 204 species in 7 sections [6,18,32,[39][40][41][42]. They show a broad range of habitats, such as woody substratum, sandy soil, tidal flats, water, and indoor air [43][44][45][46][47].…”

Species Diversity of Penicillium in Southwest China with Discovery of Forty-Three New Species

“…It differs from the latter in 53 bp for BenA, 69 bp for CaM and 70 bp for RPB2. Morphologically, it differs in slower growth rate on MEA at 25 • C (25-27 vs. 41-43 mm), faster growth rate on YES (55-56 vs. 49-51 mm), terverticillate instead of biverticillate conidiophores, shorter stipes (60-125 vs. 88-215 µm), much longer metulae and phialides (9-19 vs. 5-10 µm and 8-13 vs. 6-9 µm, respectively) and larger conidia (3.0-4.5 vs. 2.0-2.5 µm) [63]. On MEA 25 • C, 7 days: Colonies nearly circular, protuberant at centers; margins narrow, entire; mycelia white; texture velutinous; sporulation dense; conidia en masse greyish green; soluble pigments absent; exudates absent; reverse orange, with a few red patches at centers.…”

Insights into Some Onygenalean Fungi from Freshwater Sediments in Spain and Description of Novel Taxa

“…hispanica [32], C. fluviale [33], C. minutisporum [34], C. pilosum [35], C. submersum [34], and C. undulatum [36], and the two members of the genus Emmonsiellopsis (E.), E. coralliformis and E. terrestris [37]. All these findings and others recently published [38][39][40][41][42][43][44] indicate that freshwater sediments serve as a reservoir for a great diversity of filamentous ascomycetes, which warrant further investigation in order to address gaps in fungal phylogenetic relationships, such as has been done in the present study for some species of the order Onygenales.…”