“…To date, nothing is known about the specific identity of first intermediate host(s) in Australian waters, but a broad variety of fish, including Acanthopagrus butcheri (Munro, 1949), Aldrichetta forsteri (Valenciennes, 1836), Bidyanus bidyanus (Mitchell, 1838) (reported as Therapon bidyana ), Carassius auratus (Linnaeus, 1758), Chironemus maculosus (Richardson, 1850) (reported as Threpterius maculosus ), Cyprinus carpio Linnaeus, 1758, Galaxias maculatus (Jenyns, 1842) (reported as G. attenuates ), G. olidus Günther, 1866, Gambusia holbrooki Girard, 1859, Hypseleotris klunzingeri (Ogilby, 1898) (reported as Carassiops klunzingeri ), Hypseleotris sp., Maccullochella macquariensis (Cuvier, 1829), Macquaria ambigua (Richardson, 1845), M. colonorum (Günther, 1863) (reported as Percolates colonorum ), Melanotaenia fluviatilis (Castelnau, 1878), Misgurnus anguillicaudatus (Cantor, 1842), Mogurnda adspersa (reported as M. adspersus ), Mugil cephalus Valenciennes, 1836, Nannoperca australis Günther, 1861, Nematalosa erebi (Günther, 1868), Osteomugil cunnesius (Valenciennes, 1836) (reported as Mugil strongylocephalus ), Ostorhinchus fasciatus (White, 1790) (reported as Apogon fasciata ), Philypnodon grandiceps (Krefft, 1864), Planiliza subviridis (Valenciennes, 1836) (reported as Mugil dussumieri ), Platycephalus endrachtensis Castelnau, 1872 (reported as P. arenarius ), P. laevigatus Cuvier, 1829, Pseudocaranx dentex (Bloch & Schneider, 1801), Pseudogobius olorum (Sauvage, 1880) (reported as Mugilogobius galwayi ), Pseudaphritis urvillii (Valenciennes, 1832), Pseudorhombus arsius (Hamilton, 1822), P. jenynsii (Bleeker, 1855), Retropinna semoni (Weber, 1895), Scomber australasicus Cuvier, 1832, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes, 1833, Sillaginodes punctatus (Cuvier, 1829) (reported as S. punctate ), Tandanus tandanus (Mitchell, 1838), Tripodichthys angustifrons (Hollard, 1854), Upeneichthys lineatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (reported as U. porosus ) and an unknown fish species belonging to family Atherinidae Risso, 1827 (hardy-head) have been reported as the second intermediate/paratenic host for Contracaecum larval types (Johnston and Mawson, 1940, Johnston and Mawson, 1944, Johnston and Mawson, 1947, Johnston and Mawson, 1951; Cannon, 1977; Lymbery et al, 2002; Shamsi et al, 2011; Jabbar et al, 2013; Shamsi et al, 2017; Shamsi et al, 2018a, Shamsi et al, 2018b). It is believed that the occurrence and abundance of Contracaecum larvae in Australian fish have been significantly underestimated (Shamsi and Suthar, 2016) as most published studies have relied on visual examination of fish.…”