New anthropometric evidence on living standards in nineteenth-century Chile

Clarke, Damian; Navarrete‐Montalvo, Juan; Araya-Valenzuela, Roberto; Allende, Martina

doi:10.1016/j.ehb.2019.100819

Cited by 7 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Although we are not analyzing the trend of mean heights through birth decades, our data also show height stagnation during the 1880s–1910s and a slight decline during the 1920s–1930s. This is very much in line with the main findings of the previous studies [ 5 , 6 , 7 ].…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 93%

“…The anthropometric history of Chile has now been well covered thanks to a plethora of articles recently published since the pioneering study of Nuñez and Pérez [ 1 ] five years ago, and covering an extensive period of cohorts born from the 1740s to the 1990s [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. Most of these studies rely on data from army (and navy) records and to a lesser extent from health surveys [ 2 , 8 ] and school records [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Height of Male Prisoners in Santiago de Chile during the Nitrate Era: The Penalty of being Unskilled, Illiterate, Illegitimate and Mapuche

Rivas

Clarke

Traverso

2020

IJERPH

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This article contributes to the study of inequality in the biological welfare of Chile’s adult population during the nitrate era, ca. 1880s–1930s, and in particular focuses on the impact of socioeconomic variables on height, making use of a sample of over 20,000 male inmates of the capital’s main jail. It shows that inmates with a university degree were taller than the rest; that those born legitimate were taller in adulthood; that those (Chilean born) whose surnames were Northern European were also taller than the rest, and in particular than those with Mapuche background; and that those able to read and write were also taller than illiterate inmates. Conditional regression analysis, examining both correlates at the mean and correlates across the height distribution, supports these findings. We show that there was more height inequality in the population according to socioeconomic status and human capital than previously thought, while also confirming the importance of socioeconomic influences during childhood on physical growth.

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 93%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Height of Male Prisoners in Santiago de Chile during the Nitrate Era: The Penalty of being Unskilled, Illiterate, Illegitimate and Mapuche

Rivas

Clarke

Traverso

2020

IJERPH

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“…This research agenda has produced a substantial long-term, comparative overview (mostly of the 19th and 20th centuries) of the biological well-being in the Iberian and Latin American region and its relationship with inequality and economic and social development [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 ]. Significant research has been done recently on various aspects of biological well-being especially in some of the largest countries of the region such as Argentina [ 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 ], Brazil [ 10 , 11 ], Chile [ 12 , 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 ], Colombia [ 17 , 18 ], Mexico [ 19 , 20 , 21 , 22 ], Peru [ 5 ] and Spain [ 23 , 24 ]. However, there is still less knowledge on three specific areas.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Escape from Malnutrition of Chilean Boys and Girls: Height-for-Age Z Scores in Late XIX and XX Centuries

Núñez

Pérez

2021

IJERPH

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We studied the trends of height-for-age (HAZ) Z scores by socioeconomic status (SES) groups of Chilean boys and girls aged 5–18 born between 1877 and 2001, by performing a meta-analysis of 53 studies reporting height-for-age sample data from which 1258 HAZ score datapoints were calculated using the 2000 reference growth charts for the US of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). We found stagnant mean and median HAZ scores of about −1.55 to −1.75 for the general population, and −2.2 to −2.55 for lower SES groups up to cohorts born in the 1940s. However, we found an upwards structural change in cohorts born after the 1940s, a period in which HAZ scores grew at a pace of about 0.25 to 0.30 HAZ per decade. Since this change happened in a context of moderate Gross Domestic Product (GDP) growth, high and persistent income inequality, and stagnant wages of the working class, we discuss the extent to which our findings are associated with the increase in public social spending and the implementation and expansion of a variety of social policies since the 1940s and early 1950s.

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“…We also calculated wild bootstrapped standards errors, because we have only 16 provinces at the minimum, using the methodology by Cameron et al (2015). Llorca-Jaña et al (2019, 2020aand 2020b; for conflict, Instituto Geográfico Militar de Chile (2018); for epidemics, Urrutia and Lanza (1993); for cattle per capita, Llorca-Jaña et al (2020c). level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moradi and Baten 2006, Baten and Mumme 2013and Van Zanden et al 2014a have analyzed this measure in a consistent econometric framework. This methodology allowed us to draw on the substantial height data set collected by Llorca-Jaña et al (2018b, 2020aand 2020b, who recorded military height, for the 18th to 20th century in large samples. The big advantage was that for most of the period this height data stemmed from general conscription, so there was no selectivity in the sample and also no significant minimum height requirement before measurement.…”

Section: Estimation Of Regional Inequality Trendsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inequality, low-intensity immigration and human capital formation in the regions of Chile, 1820-1939

Baten¹

2021

Economics & Human Biology

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This article traces inequality and numeracy development in the regions of Chile during the 19th and early 20th century. Inequality, measured with anthropometric methods, was associated with a lower speed of human capital formation. Not all talents received the necessary education to make full use of their talent for the regional economy, especially in the south. However, in its northern regions we find that Chile was relatively equal and numerate during the 19 th century, and the south converged somewhat during this period. In addition, we study the correlates of low-intensity immigration in Chile. Regions with a relatively high share of North European migrants developed faster in terms of numeracy.

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New anthropometric evidence on living standards in nineteenth-century Chile

Cited by 7 publications

References 32 publications

Height of Male Prisoners in Santiago de Chile during the Nitrate Era: The Penalty of being Unskilled, Illiterate, Illegitimate and Mapuche

Height of Male Prisoners in Santiago de Chile during the Nitrate Era: The Penalty of being Unskilled, Illiterate, Illegitimate and Mapuche

The Escape from Malnutrition of Chilean Boys and Girls: Height-for-Age Z Scores in Late XIX and XX Centuries

Inequality, low-intensity immigration and human capital formation in the regions of Chile, 1820-1939

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