“…Cognitive psychology includes a wide range of techniques used to create instruments that provide information about the state of a student's knowledge, before, during, and after a course. For example, Lopez-Ramirez and Morales-Martinez (2019), Lopez et al (2014), Morales & Lopez (2016), Morales-Martinez, Lopez-Perez, et al (2020), Morales-Martinez et al (2021), Morales et al (2017) and Morales-Martinez et al (2015) have proposed the Chronometric Constructive Cognitive Learning Evaluation Model (C3-LEM), which suggests the use of cognitive tools to measure the cognitive properties of knowledge schemas learned in an academic environment. For example, this model measures what content is in a student's memory, how it is organized and structured, the temporal and dynamic patterns of these knowledge structures, and other aspects of a student's knowledge state.…”