New Aspects of Uptake and Metabolism of Non-organic and Organic Iodine Compounds—The Role of Vanadium and Plant-Derived Thyroid Hormone Analogs in Lettuce

Smoleń, Sylwester; Czernicka, Małgorzata; Kowalska, Iwona; Kęska, Kinga; Halka, Maria; Grzebelus, Dariusz; Grzanka, Marlena; Skoczylas, Łukasz; Pitala, Joanna; Koronowicz, Aneta; Kováčik, Peter

doi:10.3389/fpls.2021.653168

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 89 publications

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“…Many of them proved the effectiveness of the iodine compounds used, which were mainly KI and KIO 3 [ 22 , 38 ]. There had been available results of studies on the biofortification of crops into iodine with the use of organic compounds of this element, including 5-iodosalicylic acid, 3,5-diiodosalicylic acid, 2-iodobenzoic acid, 4-iodobenzoic acid or iodoacetic acid in tomato cultivation [ 19 ], lettuce [ 39 , 40 ] and spinach [ 41 ]. It is also known that applying iodine in the fertilization of plants in combination with organic stabilizers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…They are mainly responsible for the capture of iodine from the water, the synthesis of hydrogen halides in marine algae and antioxidant defense [ 32 , 51 ]. The studies on the interaction of iodine and vanadium in higher plants was conducted, among others, on lettuce by Smoleń et al [ 20 , 40 ] and in sweet corn by Grzanka at al. [ 33 , 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the lettuce leaves the stimulating effect for both compounds used in hydroponics and as well in peat substrate was not observed. On the other hand, in the mineral soil, lettuce leaves had a statistically significantly higher iodine content in/after treatment with 3,5-diISA + V vs. 3,5-diISA [ 40 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Organic Iodine Compounds in Sweetcorn under the Influence of Exogenous Foliar Application of Iodine and Vanadium

et al. 2022

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A human’s diet should be diverse and rich in vitamins, macro- and microelements essential for the proper functioning of the human body. Globally, a high percentage of the human population suffers from malnutrition, deficiencies of nutrients and vitamins also known as the problem of hidden hunger. This problem it is not only common in poor countries, but also occurs in developed countries. Iodine is a nutrient crucial for the proper functioning of the human and animal body. For plants, it is referred to as a beneficial element or even a microelement. The design of the biofortification experiment was determined on the basis of the interaction of iodine and vanadium (synergistic interaction in marine algae), where vanadium-dependent iodoperoxidase catalyzes apoplastic oxidation of iodine, resulting in high efficiency of iodine uptake and accumulation in brown algae (Laminaria digitate). Three independent experiments (Exp.) were carried out with the foliar application of vanadium (V) and iodine (I) compounds. The main differences between the experiments with the adapted proper corn biofortification method were the different application stage between the individual experiments, the application intervals and the dose of the iodine–vanadium compound. In each experiment, the accumulation of iodine and vanadium in the grain was several times lower than in the leaves. The combination iodine and vanadium significantly increased the accumulation of iodine in the grain in the case of applying V with inorganic iodine compounds, and a decrease in the accumulation of I after applying V with organic iodine compound —especially in Exp. No. 3. In grain, the highest content of I−, IO3− was in combination with the application of 2-iodobenzoic acid (products of its metabolism). In most of the tested combinations, vanadium stimulated the accumulation/synthesis of exogenous/endogenous 5-iodosalicylic acid (5ISA) and 2-iodobenzoic acid (2IBeA), respectively, and decreased the content of 2,3,5-triiodobenzoic acid (2,3,5-triIBeA) in leaves and grains. The tested compounds I and V and the combinations of their application had a diversified effect on the vitamin C content in the grains. Vanadium in the lower dose of 0.1 µM significantly increased the sugar content in the grain.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Synthesis of Organic Iodine Compounds in Sweetcorn under the Influence of Exogenous Foliar Application of Iodine and Vanadium

et al. 2022

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“…The possible forms of food enrichment include agricultural strategies of biofortification of plants with nutrients, such as iron, iodine, zinc, or folic acid [ 12 ]. These methods aim to enrich consumers’ diets with nutrients, including iodine, by increasing the concentration of a particular element in the edible part of the plant before harvesting [ 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Pilot studies confirm that it is possible to use iodine for the biofortification of vegetables [ 4 , 15 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Selection of the Optimal Impregnation Conditions of Vegetable Matrices with Iodine

et al. 2022

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This study aimed to determine the use of selected vegetables (pumpkin, cauliflower, broccoli, carrot) as carriers of potassium iodide (KI) and potassium iodate (KIO3) by determining changes in iodine content under various conditions of impregnation as the degree of hydration, impregnated sample temperature, and impregnation time. The influence of these conditions on iodine contents in vegetables after their fortification and storage (21 °C/230 days) was analyzed. The results showed that all selected vegetables could be efficient iodine carriers. However, the conditions of the impregnation process are crucial for fortification efficiency, particularly the degree of hydration and the temperature of the impregnated samples before drying. The results showed that the lowest iodine content was in samples fortified at 4 °C and 1:4 hydration. On the other hand, the highest reproducibility of iodine was for the following fortification conditions: temperature of −76 °C and hydration of 1:1. The studies confirmed the higher stability of iodine in KIO3 form compared to KI. To increase recovery of the introduced iodine in the product after drying, using the conditioning step at 4 °C is not recommended. We recommend freezing vegetables immediately after the impregnation process

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“…Both 5-ISA and 3,5-diISA in lettuce plants are involved in the metabolism of other organic iodine compounds in this plant, such as plant-derived thyroid hormone analogs (PDTHA), i.e., triiodothyronine (T3) and thyroxine (T4). In a study by Smoleń et al [ 35 ], a theoretical metabolic pathway of iodosalicylates has been described, along with the interpretation of the biochemical response of human cells to iodine-enriched plant extracts containing many different organic iodine compounds. Iodosalicylates can operate in a cyclic system as well as other cycles of cellular processes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular Effects of Iodine-Biofortified Lettuce in Human Gastrointestinal Cancer Cells

et al. 2022

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Considering the growing number of cancer cases around the world, natural products from the diet that exhibit potential antitumor properties are of interest. Our previous research demonstrated that fortification with iodine compounds is an effective way to improve the antioxidant potential of lettuce. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of iodine-biofortified lettuce on antitumor properties in human gastrointestinal cancer cell lines, gastric AGS and colon HT-29. Our results showed that extracts from iodine-biofortified lettuce reduce the viability and proliferation of gastric and colon cancer cells. The extracts mediated cell cycle arrest which was accompanied by inactivation of anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 and activation of caspases, as assessed by flow cytometry. However, extracts from lettuce fortified with organic forms of iodine acted more effectively than extracts from control and KIO3-enriched plants. Using quantitative PCR, we detected the increase in pro-apoptotic genes BAD, BAX and BID in AGS cells whereas up-regulation of cell cycle progression inhibitor CDKN2A and downregulation of pro-proliferative MDM2 in HT-29 cells. Interestingly, lettuce extracts led to down-regulation of pro-survival AKT1 and protooncogenic MDM2, which was consistent for extracts of lettuce fortified with organic form of iodine, 5-ISA, in both cell lines. MDM2 downregulation in HT-29 colon cancer cells was associated with RB1 upregulation upon 5-ISA-fortified lettuce extracts, which provides a link to the epigenetic regulation of tumor suppressor genes by RB/MDM2 pathway. Indeed, SEMA3A tumor suppressor gene was hypomethylated and upregulated in HT-29 cells treated with 5-ISA-fortified lettuce. Control lettuce exerted similar effects on RB/MDM2 pathway and SEMA3A epigenetic activation in HT-29 cells. Our findings suggest that lettuce as well as lettuce fortified with organic form of iodine, 5-ISA, may exert epigenetic anti-cancer effects that can be cancer type-specific.

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New Aspects of Uptake and Metabolism of Non-organic and Organic Iodine Compounds—The Role of Vanadium and Plant-Derived Thyroid Hormone Analogs in Lettuce

Cited by 15 publications

References 89 publications

Synthesis of Organic Iodine Compounds in Sweetcorn under the Influence of Exogenous Foliar Application of Iodine and Vanadium

Synthesis of Organic Iodine Compounds in Sweetcorn under the Influence of Exogenous Foliar Application of Iodine and Vanadium

The Selection of the Optimal Impregnation Conditions of Vegetable Matrices with Iodine

Molecular Effects of Iodine-Biofortified Lettuce in Human Gastrointestinal Cancer Cells

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