“…Similarly, there have been some studies that have explored challenges (Upadhyay, 2020;Min, 2019;Manski, 2017;Herian, 2017;Biswas and Gupta, 2019;Frizzo-Barker et al, 2020;Chang et al, 2020a;O'Leary, 2018O'Leary, , 2017 and opportunities of the blockchain (Li et al, 2018;Chang et al, 2020a;Wang et al, 2019aWang et al, , 2019bWang et al, , 2019cDelafenestre, 2019;Shermin, 2017;Manski, 2017;Tiscini et al, 2020;Upadhyay, 2020) in other countries, but these studies have only emphasised on a limited scope of blockchain challenges and opportunities and have not considered exploring this area for operational excellence in the automotive industry without any concern about TOE framework (Upadhyay, 2020;Chang et al, 2020a;Min, 2019). Therefore, it is fair to say that comparatively less study exists in the automotive industry to explore the challenges and opportunities of blockchain amongst automakers aiming to achieve operational excellence (Kouhizadeh et al, 2020).…”