New Chemicals and Routes for the Preparation of Gelatin/HA Composites using the Wet Precipitation Method

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite (HA) is a material that has many uses in a wide variety of applications such as bone repair, bone implants, and bone drug delivery systems. However, the main weakness of this material is its mechanical strength, which HA is not enough to be directly applied. Gelatin addition is used to improve the mechanical properties that can support material properties for the load-bearing application. This research aimed to obtain gelatin/HA composites with high mechanical strength. This goal is achieved by finding the optimum composite composition (addition of 20, 30, and 40% w/w gelatin), CaO precursors from chicken eggshells, and gradual composite preparation. The preparation of gelatin/HA composites was carried out using the wet precipitation method. The chemical bonding, the compressive strength of HA and gelatin/HA composites, and also morphologies were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Universal Testing Machine, and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) respectively. The FTIR spectra show there are chemical bonds between amide and carboxyl in gelatin and Ca2+ in HA. The best compressive strength obtained at the composition of 20% gelatin/HA composite is 99.3 MPa (meanwhile HA is 81.5 MPa). The addition of gelatin to HA increases the particle density; this contributes to the increase in mechanical strength.

The Effect of Temperature Synthesis on the Purity and Crystallinity of Hydroxyapatite

“…The FTIR spectrum for HA-120 shows the peaks for P-O vibrations in the phosphate group at wave number 471.4; 567.1; 602.9; 963.0; 1027,5-1099,5; 2002 and 2077 cm -1 , while the O-H group at 631.6; and 3571.1 cm -1 , and the CO3 2group at 875.4; 1420.5 and 1458.1 cm -1 . The reaction between HA and CO2 present in the atmosphere during preparation allows the detection of carbonate groups, as well as the results of previous studies [14].The presence of water molecules in the sample indicated the presence of O-H groups at 3433.5 cm -1 , and at 1638 cm -1 , in agreement with previous research [5]. In general, the FTIR spectrum characteristics for HA-120 and HA-230 are similar, except for the peak at 3644 cm -1 in the HA 120 FTIR spectrum, indicating the presence of impurities namely Ca(OH)2 [10].…”

“…( 3), in this study the theoretical mass is 5 g. HA-120 and HA-230 was producing 3.8415 g and 3.9406 g, with presentations of HA were 76.79% and 78.77%, respectively. However, the HA mass in this study is greater than that using the precipitation method in previous study which is only obtained 74.74% [5]. These results also provide information that the hydrothermal method gives greater results than the precipitation method.…”

“…CaCO3 begins to decompose into CaO at 750°C, then decomposes completely at 1000°C [5], and vaporizes CO2 gas, as in Eq. 2.…”

“…Many methods have been developed to synthesize HA from synthetically derived precursors where various parameters are carried out to produce HA with significant and good purity [4]. HA can be made from raw materials derived from nature such as limestone, eggshells, coral, and conch shells [5]. Chicken eggshells are composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) of 94% [6,7].…”

Impact of Alkaline Immersion Time on Nano-Hydroxyapatite Synthesis from Broiler Eggshells with Electrochemical Method Using Constant Direct Current (CDC)

“…Hydroxyapatite (HAp), with a chemical formula of Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) and a Ca/P ratio of 1.67, constitutes a significant constituent within the inorganic mineral composition of human hard tissues, and it has found extensive utilization as a biomedical ceramic substance in both orthopedic and dental applications [1,2,3,4]. Hydroxyapatite closely resembles the structure and chemical characteristics of natural bone minerals, as approximately 70% of human bone is composed of calcium phosphate, which strongly resembles hydroxyapatite.…”