New chromogenic and fluorogenic reagents and sensors for neutral and ionic analytes based on covalent bond formation–a review of recent developments

Abstract

To date, hydrogen bonding and Coulomb, van der Waals and hydrophobic interactions are the major contributors to non-covalent analyte recognition using ionophores, ligands, aptamers and chemosensors. However, this article describes recent developments in the use of (reversible) covalent bond formation to detect analyte molecules, with special focus on optical signal transduction. Several new indicator dyes for analytes such as amines and diamines, amino acids, cyanide, formaldehyde, hydrogen peroxide, organophosphates, nitrogen oxide and nitrite, peptides and proteins, as well as saccharides have become available. New means of converting analyte recognition into optical signals have also been introduced, such as colour changes of chiral nematic layers. This article gives an overview of recent developments and discusses response mechanisms, selectivity and sensitivity.

Possibilities and Challenges for Quantitative Optical Sensing of Hydrogen Peroxide

“…Alternatively, the system is also published with two tosylate groups ( Figure 2; (4)), which exhibited an ideal working pH range between pH 7.4 and 7.8, thus indicating pH sensitivity. A third compound containing two sulfonate groups (perfluoro-octanesulfonate) ( Figure 2; (5)) was shown to be sensitive to H 2 O 2 , with minor cross-sensitivity to ascorbic acid, gluthathione, esterase, OCl − and • OH [63,64]. Sulfonate cleaving groups are often coupled to fluorescein [62,64,65].…”

“…A third compound containing two sulfonate groups (perfluoro-octanesulfonate) ( Figure 2; (5)) was shown to be sensitive to H 2 O 2 , with minor cross-sensitivity to ascorbic acid, gluthathione, esterase, OCl − and • OH [63,64]. Sulfonate cleaving groups are often coupled to fluorescein [62,64,65]. After cleaving, the remaining fluorescein is highly pH dependent due to the remaining hydroxyl groups, making such probes hard to use in real life samples.…”

Star‐Shaped Tripodal Chemosensors for the Detection of Aliphatic Amines

“…[1][2][3] The detection of aliphatic amines and diamines is of significant interest as they are widely used as fertilizers, as auxiliaries in dye manufacturing, and in the production of pharmaceuticals. Various amines and diamines are so-called biogenic amines because they are products of the enzymatic decarboxylation of amino acids.…”

Turn on Fluorescent Probes for Selective Targeting of Aldehydes

“…As a result, aldehydes are frequently released to the environment, and their presence needs to be monitored [1,2]. Methods to monitor aldehydes include simple colorometric measurements [3][4][5][6][7], and more involved electrochemical, gas chromatography, and chemiluminiscent techniques [8][9][10][11][12][13][14]. One common approach is to detect the product of the reaction of an aldehyde with an aromatic hydrazine.…”