New designed coupling agents for silica used in green tires with low VOCs and low rolling resistance

Zhai, Xiaobo; Chen, Ying; Han, Dongli; Zheng, Jianming; Wu, Xiaohui; Wang, Zhao; Li, Xin; Ye, Xin; Zhang, Liqun

doi:10.1016/j.apsusc.2021.149819

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…It is assumed that the polarity of ENR50 derived from its high epoxy degree caused the phase separation between ENR50 and NR, and formed a stronger chemical combination with silica, which gave the rubber composite greater rigidity at low strain. As shown in Figure 7(b), after the addition of ENR, the Tanδ of the composite at 7% strain, which usually represents the energy dissipation and heat generation during the actual operation of the tire, 16,17 decreased significantly compared with NR composites. Even though the use of TESPT results in lowest Payne effect and heat generation, the incorporation of ENR clearly shows that ENR can effectively improve the interaction between rubber matrix and filler through the ring-opening reaction between epoxy groups and silanol groups, thus further improving composites properties.…”

Section: Rpa Analysis Of Enr/nr/silica Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…11,12 However, the reaction between silane coupling agent and silica will produce volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emissions, such as methanol or ethanol (e.g., In the tire industry, about 5-6 ml VOCs emissions are generated for every 1 kg of silane coupling agent used and for the annual output of 10,000 tons of tire factories will produce 180,000 m 3 VOCs emissions), which is harmful to human health and may cause the porosity of vulcanizate. [13][14][15][16][17][18] Therefore, it is urgent to find prior substitutes for SSBR and silane coupling agent.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Performance enhancement of bio‐based rubber composites using epoxidized natural rubber for silica without carbon emissions and volatile organic compounds

Wang

Song

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Tire development tendency is green, environment-friendly, and safeguarding life and health. The conventional tires, consisting of solution polymerized styrene-butadiene rubbers (SSBR), silica, silane coupling agents, and other rubber additives, will not be able to keep up with the demand. SSBR, as a synthetic rubber processed from nonrenewable petroleum resources, creates a large amount of carbon emissions in the production process and the reaction between silica and silane coupling agents generates a large amount of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), which is detrimental to the environment and human health. In this article, epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) with different epoxide degrees was successfully prepared and blended with natural rubber (NR)/silica composites to improve the dispersion of silica and the performance of nanocomposites. The effect of heat treatment temperature on the reaction between ENR and silica and the dynamic and static mechanical properties of ENR/NR/silica nanocomposites was investigated by mechanical properties test, transmission electron microscopy, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Fourier transform infrared. The results showed that the epoxy groups on the ENR molecular chain could react with the silanol on the surface of silica to form a strong chemical bond, which improved the dispersion of silica in the rubber matrix and further enhanced the performance of the rubber composites without carbon emission and VOCs.

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Section: Rpa Analysis Of Enr/nr/silica Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Performance enhancement of bio‐based rubber composites using epoxidized natural rubber for silica without carbon emissions and volatile organic compounds

Wang

Song

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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“…To highlight the importance of phase transfer agent to properties of crosslinked elastomers, we compare tensile strength, tear strength, and elongation at break among this work and the elastomers with different accelerators in Figure 4 c,d. The data of elastomers with different accelerators are from the previous works, containing N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazolesulfenamide (CZ) [ 28 , 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 , 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 , 46 , 47 , 48 ], diphenyl guanidine (D) [ 49 , 50 ], dibenzothiazyl disulfide (DM) [ 51 , 52 , 53 , 54 , 55 , 56 , 57 ], 2-mercaptobenzothiazole (M) [ 2 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 ], N-tert-butylbenzothiazole-2-sulphenamide (NS) [ 30 , 66 , 67 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 ], and tetra methyl thiuram disulfide (TMTD) [ 30...…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Toward Mechanically Robust Crosslinked Elastomers through Phase Transfer Agent Tuning the Solubility of Zn2+ in the Organic Phase

et al. 2022

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Zinc oxide (ZnO), which is toxic to aquatic organisms, is widely used as an activator in the rubber industry. The reduction of ZnO content is one of the efficient ways to tackle ecological environment impacts induced by ZnO. However, the incompatibility between Zn2+ and organic matrix inhibits the solubility and activity of Zn2+ in the organic matrix, causing the heavy use of ZnO. This work develops a phase transfer agent with Zn2+-philic structure and oleophilic structure to increase the solubility of Zn2+ in the organic matrix. The phase transfer agent and Zn2+ form coordination interactions, while the hydrophobic chains of phase transfer agent and organic matrix form hydrophobic interactions. The above two interactions improve the solubility and activity of Zn2+ in the organic matrix, contributing to the formation of crosslinking network. Through the phase transfer agent strategy, we obtain the mechanically robust elastomers, and the samples with low ZnO content still maintain the superior properties. This work provides an efficient way to reduce ZnO content without sacrificing the performance of elastomers.

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“…The bound rubber content of the compound was estimated through the extraction of the unbound rubber by toluene as the solvent 49 (Supporting Information). The total cross-link density of the cured sample was ascertained through the swelling equilibrium approach with toluene as the solvent according to the ISO 1817 50 (Supporting Information). Five dumbbell-shaped specimens with about 2 mm thickness and 6 mm width were prepared for each nanocomposite.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Performance of Silica-Grafted Epoxidized Solution-Polymerized Styrene–Butadiene Nanocomposites

Yuan

Liu

Wang

et al. 2022

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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In the present paper, epoxidized solution-polymerized styrene–butadiene (ESSBR) is successfully synthesized through an epoxidation reaction with hydrogen peroxide and formic acid aiming to improve the performance of silica/SSBR nanocomposites without a silane coupling agent (SCA). A safer and milder reaction condition of H2O2/C = C/HCOOH (0.36/2/0.6) is obtained. The silica/ESSBR nanocomposites are prepared by grafting silica nanoparticles on the ESSBR matrix, and the influence of various epoxidation degrees on the structure and performance is investigated. The silica/ESSBR with epoxidation degree 13.8% (silica/ESSBR13.8) shows excellent comprehensive performance on account of the potent interfacial interaction and a uniform dispersion of silica nanoparticles. Compared with the silica/SSBR nanocomposite using Si69 as the SCA (silica/SSBR-Si69), silica/ESSBR13.8 enhances the modulus at 300% strain by 46.8%, reinforcing index by 29.1%, wet-skid resistance by 80.8%, and abrasion resistance by 32.8%. The silica/ESSBR nanocomposites are environmentally friendly and have potential applications in green tires.

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New designed coupling agents for silica used in green tires with low VOCs and low rolling resistance

Cited by 46 publications

References 40 publications

Performance enhancement of bio‐based rubber composites using epoxidized natural rubber for silica without carbon emissions and volatile organic compounds

Performance enhancement of bio‐based rubber composites using epoxidized natural rubber for silica without carbon emissions and volatile organic compounds

Toward Mechanically Robust Crosslinked Elastomers through Phase Transfer Agent Tuning the Solubility of Zn2+ in the Organic Phase

Structure and Performance of Silica-Grafted Epoxidized Solution-Polymerized Styrene–Butadiene Nanocomposites

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