“…In their joint report, ACCA & IFAC (2020) listed capability and skills as one of the three fundamental enablers for creating decision-useful information along with stakeholder engagement, in addition to systems and processes. In the context of many developing countries, the low number of qualified staff and lack of accrual accounting training and documentation were identified as some of the factors leading to the failure, delay, or change of reform direction toward Cash Basis IPSAS which was notably the case in the settings of Nepal, Indonesia, Tanzania and Thailand (Adhikari & Mellemvik, 2011;Fahmid et al, 2020;Mbelwa et al, 2019;Nakmahachalasint, 2018). From the perspective of some OECD countries, albeit being pioneers and strong supporters of public sector accruals, the timeframe and expenses related to accrual accounting transition are reported to have overshadowed the promoted benefits, mainly because of the ability of the main organizational actors namely "treasury and budget officers and policymakers" to implement the change was underestimated (Adhikari & Gårseth-Nesbakk, 2016).…”