New developments in the Understanding of cholera

Butler, Thomas

doi:10.1007/s11894-001-0054-z

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

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“…A Gram-negative bacterium, V. cholerae, causes cholera, the paradigm of water-born infections. Cholera is a highly contagious diarrheal disease (34,199). Diarrhea, which may range from moderate to severe, appears within 1-5 days of ingestion of contaminated food or water.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The ABCs (Antibody, B Cells, and Carbohydrate Epitopes) of Cholera Immunity: Considerations for an Improved Vaccine

Provenzano

Kòváč

Wade

2006

Microbiology and Immunology

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A Gram-negative bacterium, V. cholerae, causes cholera, the paradigm of water-born infections. Cholera is a highly contagious diarrheal disease (34,199). Diarrhea, which may range from moderate to severe, appears within 1-5 days of ingestion of contaminated food or water. Massive fluid loss and electrolyte imbalance can lead to high mortality if fluid replacement is not provided. Many cholera survivors are immune to a second infection showing that immunity can be acquired (140). Since 1854, when Dr. John Snow demonstrated the cholera contagion at the Broad Street pump in London, and later when Robert Koch (1884) isolated the cholera bacterium in pure culture, biomedical investigators have relentlessly pursued the understanding of V. cholerae pathogenesis in an attempt to prevent future cholera epidemics. As a result, the biology of both cholera and of V. cholerae have become increasingly clear. We know of V. cholerae's ability to sense the environment and respond to different metabolic needs either in estuaries or in the human host (258). We know of El Nino's climatic influence on V. cholerae in Latin America and of the seasonal influence on cholera in endemic areas (126). The potential for V. cholerae bacterial phages to limit (by lysis) the aquatic pool of V. cholerae has been postulated to play a role in endemic cholera (69). Received April 26, 2006Abstract: Cholera, a diarrheal disease, is known for explosive epidemics that can quickly kill thousands. Endemic cholera is a seasonal torment that also has a significant mortality. Not all nations with extensive rural communities can achieve the required infrastructure or behavioral changes to prevent epidemic or endemic cholera. For some communities, a single-dose cholera vaccine that protects those at risk is the most efficacious means to reduce morbidity and mortality. It is clear that our understanding of what a protective cholera immune response is has not progressed at the rate our understanding of the pathogenesis and molecular biology of cholera infection has. This review addresses V. cholerae lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-based immunogens because LPS is the only immunogen proven to induce protective antibody in humans. We discuss the role of anti-LPS antibodies in protection from cholera, the importance and the potential role of B cell subsets in protection that is based on their anatomical location and the intrinsic antigen-receptor specificity of various subsets is introduced.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%