New Directions to Approach Oxidative Stress Related to Physical Activity and Nutraceuticals in Normal Aging and Neurodegenerative Aging

Abstract

Oxidative stress (OS) plays, perhaps, the most important role in the advanced aging process, cognitive impairment and pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders. The process generates tissue damage via specific mechanisms on proteins, lipids and nucleic acids of the cells. An imbalance between the excessive production of oxygen- and nitrogen-reactive species and antioxidants leads to a progressive decline in physiological, biological and cognitive functions. Accordingly, we need to design and develop favourable strategies for stopping the early aging process as well as the development of neurodegenerative diseases. Exercise training and natural or artificial nutraceutical intake are considered therapeutic interventions that reduce the inflammatory process, increase antioxidant capacities and promote healthy aging by decreasing the amount of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The aim of our review is to present research results in the field of oxidative stress related to physical activity and nutraceutical administration for the improvement of the aging process, but also related to reducing the neurodegeneration process based on analysing the beneficial effects of several antioxidants, such as physical activity, artificial and natural nutraceuticals, as well as the tools by which they are evaluated. In this paper, we assess the recent findings in the field of oxidative stress by analysing intervention antioxidants, anti-inflammatory markers and physical activity in healthy older adults and the elderly population with dementia and Parkinson’s disease. By searching for studies from the last few years, we observed new trends for approaching the reduction in redox potential using different tools that evaluate regular physical activity, as well as antioxidant and anti-inflammatory markers preventing premature aging and the progress of disabilities in neurodegenerative diseases. The results of our review show that regular physical activity, supplemented with vitamins and oligomolecules, results in a decrease in IL-6 and an increase in IL-10, and has an influence on the oxidative metabolism capacity. In conclusion, physical activity provides an antioxidant-protective effect by decreasing free radicals and proinflammatory markers.

Moderate-intensity endurance training has higher effects suppression of oxidative stress secretion than strength training in obese students

“…The primary source of free oxygen radical species is skeletal muscle, and during muscle contraction, there is an escalation in the transfer of unpaired electrons from complexes I and III in the electron transport chain, resulting in the generation of superoxide radical (O 2-), a principal member of reactive oxygen species (ROS) (Accattato et al, 2017). The harmful byproduct of this contractile activity is transformed into hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by superoxide dismutase (SOD), which serves as the initial line of defense against radicals and is detoxified by other enzymes such as catalase, glutathione peroxidase (GPX), and glutathione reductase (GR) (Bacanoiu et al, 2023). The equilibrium between ROS production and the expression of antioxidant enzyme activity is crucial to maintaining muscle redox homeostasis, keeping ROS below threshold levels, and preserving its function as a signaling molecule by mitigating the resultant toxic effects (Lu et al, 2021a).…”

Oxidative Stress-Induced Neurodegeneration and Antioxidative Strategies: Current Stage and Future Perspectives

“…These articles aim to review the recent findings in the ND field and highlight the gaps in knowledge and future research directions. The reviews cover important directions such as (i) the identification of new potential biomarkers for age-related ND disease progression that can be modulated for therapeutic purposes [ 10 ]; (ii) the development of a new preclinical model for PD to test new potential drugs, with an increased potential to limit disease progression or cure it [ 11 ]; (iii) the role of nutraceuticals and physical exercise in controlling oxidative balance and improving functional outcomes in NDs [ 12 , 13 ]; (iv) mitochondrial function and oxidative stress in relation to successful cellular therapy for stroke [ 14 ].…”

“…New approaches to oxidative-stress-related to physical activity and nutraceuticals in normal ageing and neurodegenerative ageing were highlighted by Manuela Violeta Bacanoiu and colleagues. Physical exercise and nutraceuticals display a protective antioxidant effect by decreasing free radicals and proinflammatory markers [ 13 ].…”