New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19?

Gupta, Pramod

doi:10.1016/j.cellimm.2020.104187

Cited by 27 publications

(26 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…This may be due to the restricted movements of children due to the lock down of the country and closure of schools resulting in less chances of getting exposed to the virus. The heterologous protective effect of BCG vaccine 13 and the lower expression of ACE 2 receptor in children which the SARS-CoV-2 use to enter the host cells 14 may also explain the lesser incidence.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nationwide descriptive study of COVID-19 in children below the age of 14 years in Sri Lanka

Cabraal

Samarawickrama

Kodithuwakku

et al. 2021

Sri Lanka J Child Health

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Background: Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a novel corona virus which originated in China and spread worldwide to become a global pandemic. Objectives: To identify the demographic and clinical characteristics of children below the age of 14 years with COVID-19 in Sri Lanka. Method: This was a retrospective, cross sectional descriptive study. Data of all COVID-19 positive patients below age of 14 years detected in Sri Lanka from 16/03/2020 to 20/09/2020 were analysed with R version 4.0.2, R Studio 1.3.959 and SPSS version 27. Descriptive plots and tables were obtained. Results: During the study period, a total of 78 patients below the age of 14 years were detected in Sri Lanka. This constituted 2.4% of the total number of patients in the country. Children of all age groups were affected, 33.3% belonging to the 1-5 year age group. Of the total, 55.1% were asymptomatic, 42.3% had mild disease and 2.6% had moderate disease. Common clinical manifestations were dry cough and fever. Median duration of hospital stay was 18 days. There were 53 local patients and 25 imported patients; 78.3% had a close family member diagnosed with COVID-19. Conclusions: During the 6 month study period 78 COVID-19 positive patients below the age of 14 years were detected in Sri Lanka. Of them 55.1% were asymptomatic, 42.3% had mild disease and 2.6% had moderate disease. Common clinical manifestations were dry cough and fever; 78.3% had a close family member diagnosed with COVID-19.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nationwide descriptive study of COVID-19 in children below the age of 14 years in Sri Lanka

Cabraal

Samarawickrama

Kodithuwakku

et al. 2021

Sri Lanka J Child Health

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“…In a preliminary analysis, BCG vaccination programs appear to lower infection and mortality rates from SARS-CoV-2. It is currently in Phase 4 clinical trials for the treatment of SARS-CoV-2 (Table 1) [187,194].…”

Section: Inactivated Vaccines Bbibp-corvmentioning

confidence: 99%

COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

Chilamakuri

Agarwal

2021

Cells

240

197

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Novel coronavirus (COVID-19 or 2019-nCoV or SARS-CoV-2), which suddenly emerged in December 2019 is still haunting the entire human race and has affected not only the healthcare system but also the global socioeconomic balances. COVID-19 was quickly designated as a global pandemic by the World Health Organization as there have been about 98.0 million confirmed cases and about 2.0 million confirmed deaths, as of January 2021. Although, our understanding of COVID-19 has significantly increased since its outbreak, and multiple treatment approaches and pharmacological interventions have been tested or are currently under development to mitigate its risk-factors. Recently, some vaccine candidates showed around 95% clinical efficacy, and now receiving emergency use approvals in different countries. US FDA recently approved BNT162 and mRNA-1273 vaccines developed by Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna Inc. for emergency use and vaccination in the USA. In this review, we present a succinct overview of the SARS-CoV-2 virus structure, molecular mechanisms of infection, COVID-19 epidemiology, diagnosis, and clinical manifestations. We also systematize different treatment strategies and clinical trials initiated after the pandemic outbreak, based on viral infection and replication mechanisms. Additionally, we reviewed the novel pharmacological intervention approaches and vaccine development strategies against COVID-19. We speculate that the current pandemic emergency will trigger detailed studies of coronaviruses, their mechanism of infection, development of systematic drug repurposing approaches, and novel drug discoveries for current and future pandemic outbreaks.

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“…The contribution of γδ T cells to the regression of BCG-treated melanoma patients has already been proven ( 252 ), and highlights the clinical potential suggested above for a similar setting in treatments of viral infections. Thus, BCG or its derivatives ( 253 , 254 ) are attractive candidates for establishing trained immunity and stimulating early clearance of subsequent viral infection ( 255 ). Integrating innate immunity stimulation in the design of vaccines would also be a way of harnessing this under-considered potential ( 256 ).…”

Section: The Art Of War: γδ T Cell-based Therapeutic Strategiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era

2021

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The emergence of viruses with pandemic potential such as the SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus causing COVID-19 poses a global health challenge. There is remarkable progress in vaccine technology in response to this threat, but their design often overlooks the innate arm of immunity. Gamma Delta (γδ) T cells are a subset of T cells with unique features that gives them a key role in the innate immune response to a variety of homeostatic alterations, from cancer to microbial infections. In the context of viral infection, a growing body of evidence shows that γδ T cells are particularly equipped for early virus detection, which triggers their subsequent activation, expansion and the fast deployment of antiviral functions such as direct cytotoxic pathways, secretion of cytokines, recruitment and activation of other immune cells and mobilization of a trained immunity memory program. As such, γδ T cells represent an attractive target to stimulate for a rapid and effective resolution of viral infections. Here, we review the known aspects of γδ T cells that make them crucial component of the immune response to viruses, and the ways that their antiviral potential can be harnessed to prevent or treat viral infection.

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New disease old vaccine: Is recombinant BCG vaccine an answer for COVID-19?

Cited by 27 publications

References 61 publications

Nationwide descriptive study of COVID-19 in children below the age of 14 years in Sri Lanka

Nationwide descriptive study of COVID-19 in children below the age of 14 years in Sri Lanka

COVID-19: Characteristics and Therapeutics

How to Train Your Dragon: Harnessing Gamma Delta T Cells Antiviral Functions and Trained Immunity in a Pandemic Era

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