New Empirical Formulation for the Sublimational Breakup of Graupel and Dendritic Snow

Deshmukh, Akash; Phillips, Vaughan T. J.; Bansemer, Aaron; Patade, Sachin; Waman, Deepak

doi:10.1175/jas-d-20-0275.1

Cited by 14 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…questioned the efficacy of sublimation breakup as a SIP mechanism, stating that "it remains unclear whether small fragments formed in the subsaturated environment can re-enter supersaturated cloud and act as SIP particles." While their argument limits a certain (potentially large) fraction of such events, Deshmukh et al (2022) recently concluded that ice fragments formed via this sublimation-induced mechanism could nevertheless have lifetimes greater than 1 min in ice-subsaturated conditions. In their comparison of model simulations with in-situ measurements from an Alpine station, Georgakaki et al ( 2022) deduced that the sublimation SILBER 10.1029/2022JD038202…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic Cloud‐Base Ice Precipitation Properties Retrieved Using Bayesian Inference

Silber

2023

JGR Atmospheres

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Cloud‐climate feedbacks are still the greatest source of uncertainty in current climate projections. Arctic clouds, which are predominantly stratiform and supercooled, often long‐lived, and nearly‐continuously precipitate ice particles, contribute roughly 10% of the uncertainty attributed to the global cloud feedback. This Arctic cloud uncertainty is driven by incomplete observational and theoretical knowledge required to estimate and explain the state and active processes occurring in those clouds. A focus on ice precipitation properties at Arctic cloud base rather than the surface deconfounds the product of cloud condensate sink processes from the influence of the atmospheric thermodynamic state below cloud base, rendering cloud‐base properties a more appealing target for inference and evaluation of model simulations. Here I describe an inverse model for the estimation of cloud base ice precipitation properties over Utqiagvik, North Slope of Alaska, using the synthesis of ground‐based radar and lidar measurements. By leveraging a Markov Chain Monte Carlo algorithm as the core of the inverse model, a wide range of particle size distributions are sampled, and different combinations of ice habit models are examined, both of which are typically fixed in other retrieval methods. Results show intriguing links between different cloud base thermodynamic and ice precipitation properties. Apparent ice number concentration enhancements at temperatures of ‐5 and ‐15 °C suggest possible secondary ice production (SIP). The analysis alludes to an overestimation of SIP occurrence and intensity, especially in studies relying only on radar or lidar measurements. Finally, reflectivity‐dependent ice precipitation rate and ice water content parameterizations are presented.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arctic Cloud‐Base Ice Precipitation Properties Retrieved Using Bayesian Inference

Silber

2023

JGR Atmospheres

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“…Based on the argument of Korolev and Leisner (2020) and that small ice fragments in a subsaturated cloud environment are more likely to fully sublimate before they return to a cloud zone supersaturated with respect to ice, it might be unlikely that this mechanism is important in atmospheric clouds. In contrast, Deshmukh et al (2022) could theoretically derive a significant contribution of SIP due to sublimation taken also graupel into account. It is conceivable that the mechanism may be important in regions near the cloud edge where entrainment of dry air occurs, as discussed earlier by Bacon et al (1998).…”

Section: Rime-splinteringmentioning

confidence: 95%

Secondary Ice Production – No Evidence of Efficient Rime-Splintering Mechanism

Seidel,

Kiselev,

Keinert

et al. 2023

Preprint

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Abstract. Mixed-phase clouds are essential for Earth’s weather and climate system. Ice multiplication via secondary ice production (SIP) is thought to be responsible for the observed strong increase of ice particle number concentration in mixed-phase clouds. In this study, we focus on the rime-splintering also known as the Hallett-Mossop (HM) process, which still lacks physical and quantitative understanding. We report on an experimental study of rime-splintering conducted in a newly developed setup under conditions representing convective mixed-phase clouds in the temperature range of −4 °C to −10 °C. The riming process was observed with high-speed video microscopy and infrared thermography, while potential secondary ice particles (SI) in the super-micron size range were detected by a custom-build ice counter. Contrary to earlier HM experiments, where up to several hundreds of SI particles per mg rime were found at −5 °C, we found no evidence of productive SIP, which fundamentally questions the importance of rime-splintering. Further, we could exclude two potential mechanisms suggested as explanation for rime-splintering: freezing of droplets upon glancing contact with the rimer and fragmentation of spherically freezing droplets on the rimer surface. The break-off of sublimating fragile rime spires was observed to produce very few SI particles, insufficient to explain the large numbers of ice particles reported in earlier studies. In the transition regime between wet and dry growth, in analogy to phenomena of deformation of drizzle droplets upon freezing, we also observed formation of spikes on the rimer surface, which might be a source of SIP.

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“…The production rate depends on the density and shape of ice particles, as well as the collision kinetic energy. Deshmukh et al (2022) proposed a formulation for the number of ice splinters generated during ice sublimation based on laboratory observations. The relative humidity on the ice and the preliminary size of the mother ice particles both govern the number of ice splinters.…”

Section: Model Setup and Design Of Numerical Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, rime splintering is not the only SIP process that can influence the charge structure of thunderstorms. Secondary ice can be produced through various processes, such as the shattering of freezing drops, ice-ice collisional breakup, and sublimational breakup of ice (Lauber et al, 2018;Phillips et al, 2018;Korolev and Leisner, 2020;Deshmukh et al, 2022). Recently, Phillips and Patade (2022) showed that the ice-ice collisional breakup may significantly alter the charge structure of summertime thunderstorms using a high-resolution cloud model.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study

Yang,

Huang,

Yang

et al. 2024

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Ice microphysics controls cloud electrification in thunderstorms, and the various secondary ice production (SIP) processes are vital in generating high ice concentrations. However, the role of SIP in cold-season thunderstorms is not well understood. In this study, the impacts of SIP on the electrification in a thunderstorm that occurred in late November are investigated using model simulations. The parameterizations of four SIP processes are implemented in the model, including the rime splintering, ice–ice collisional breakup, shattering of freezing drops, and sublimational breakup of ice. In addition, a noninductive charging parameterization and an inductive charging parameterization, as well as a bulk discharging model, are coupled with the spectral bin microphysics scheme. The macroscopic characteristics and the temporal evolution of this thunderstorm are well modeled. The radar reflectivity and flash rate obtained by adding four SIP processes are more consistent with the observations than those without SIP. Among the four SIP processes, the rime splintering has the strongest impact on the storm. The graupel and snow concentrations are enhanced while their sizes are suppressed due to the SIP. The changes in the ice microphysics result in substantial changes in the charge structure. The total charge density changes from an inverted tripole structure to a dipole structure (tripole structure at some locations) after four SIP processes are considered in the model, mainly due to the enhanced collision between graupel and ice. These changes lead to an enhancement of the vertical electric field, especially in the mature stage, which explains the improved modeling of flash rate. The results highlight that cold-season cloud electrification is very sensitive to the SIP processes.

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New Empirical Formulation for the Sublimational Breakup of Graupel and Dendritic Snow

Cited by 14 publications

References 47 publications

Arctic Cloud‐Base Ice Precipitation Properties Retrieved Using Bayesian Inference

Arctic Cloud‐Base Ice Precipitation Properties Retrieved Using Bayesian Inference

Secondary Ice Production – No Evidence of Efficient Rime-Splintering Mechanism

Impact of ice multiplication on the cloud electrification of a cold-season thunderstorm: a numerical case study

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