New equations for estimating body fat mass in pregnancy from body density or total body water

Raaij, J.M.A. van; Peek, Monica E.; Vermaat-Miedema, S.H.; Schonk, C.M.; Hautvast, J.G.A.J.

doi:10.1093/ajcn/48.1.24

Cited by 145 publications

(145 citation statements)

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“…The observed association appears biologically plausible because higher GWG, especially in early pregnancy, might reflect a greater accrual of fat mass [38,39], which may reduce the capacity to compensate for the physiological increase in insulin resistance that occurs in pregnancy [10,15]. This is further supported by recent findings on the regional distribution of adipose tissue gain in pregnancy: Sommer et al evaluated associations of weight gain, total fat gain and regional fat gain between 14 and 28 weeks of pregnancy with the development of GDM [17].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Excessive gestational weight gain prior to glucose screening and the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis

et al. 2015

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Aims/hypothesis Excessive gestational weight gain (GWG) may be a risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). We aimed to study the association between excessive GWG (defined according to Institute of Medicine recommendations) prior to GDM screening, and GDM. Methods We systematically searched four electronic databases from 1990 until September 2014 for observational studies published in English or German that reported an association between excessive GWG and GDM as the outcome. Random effects meta-analyses were performed to provide a pooled estimate of the OR comparing the risk of GDM in women with and without excessive GWG. Results A total of eight studies involving 13,748 participants were included. The pooled analysis of unadjusted OR yielded a summary OR of 1.40 (95% CI 1.21, 1.61; p<0.001) with low between-study heterogeneity (I 2 =16.7%). A sensitivity analysis based on four studies reporting adjusted effect estimates revealed similar results (OR 1.42; 95% CI 1.20, 1.68; p<0.001; I 2 =0%). No evidence was found that the effect of GWG on GDM differs depending on maternal pre-pregnancy BMI category. A funnel plot did not indicate substantial publication bias. Conclusions/interpretation Avoiding excessive weight gain in pregnancy prior to the GDM screening test may be a potential strategy to reduce GDM risk. Meta-analysis registration www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO CRD42014008802

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

Excessive gestational weight gain prior to glucose screening and the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis

et al. 2015

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“…The high water content of gained weight is reflected in the lower energy cost (4.7 to 6.4 kcal/g of weight gained) in comparison to the energy cost (8 kcal/g) for weight gain in non-pregnant women (Durnin, 1987;Hytten, 1980b;Forbes, 1988). As a consequence, the hydration of the FFM increases from about 72.5% at ten weeks of gestation to about 75% at 40 weeks, particularly in women with oedema (van Raaij et al, 1988), and there is a decrease in the ratio of intra-to extracellular water. Plasma volume expansion is hormonally induced, maximal during the second trimester (plus 50%), and accompanied by a lowered set-point of plasma osmolarity (minus about 10 mosm/L) and a fall in plasma sodium and associated anions.…”

Section: Total Body Water and Its Distributionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water

Products¹

2010

EFS2

330

114

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This Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA) deals with the setting of dietary reference values for water for specific age groups. Adequate Intakes (AI) have been defined derived from a combination of observed intakes in population groups with desirable osmolarity values of urine and desirable water volumes per energy unit consumed. The reference values for total water intake include water from drinking water, beverages of all kind, and from food moisture and only apply to conditions of moderate environmental temperature and moderate physical activity levels (PAL 1.6). AIs for infants in the first half of the first year of life are estimated to be 100-190 mL/kg per day. For infants 6-12 months of age a total water intake of 800-1000 mL/day is considered adequate. For the second year of life an adequate total water intake of 1100-1200 mL/day is defined by interpolation, as intake data are not available. AIs of water for children are estimated to be 1300 mL/day for boys and girls 2-3 years of age; 1600 mL/day for boys and girls 4-8 years of age; 2100 mL/day for boys 9-13 years of age; 1900 mL/day for girls 9-13 years of age. Adolescents of 14 years and older are considered as adults with respect to adequate water intake. Available data for adults permit the definition of AIs as 2.0 L/day (P 95 3.1 L) for females and 2.5 L/day (P95 4.0 L) for males. The same AIs as for adults are defined for the elderly. For pregnant women the same water intake as in non-pregnant women plus an increase in proportion to the increase in energy intake (300 mL/day) is proposed. For lactating women adequate water intakes of about 700 mL/day above the AIs of non-lactating women of the same age are derived. KEY WORDSWater, total body water, hydration, osmolarity, water balance, regulation, distribution, consumption, water loss, water requirement, adequate intake SUMMARYFollowing a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and Allergies (NDA) was asked to deliver a scientific Opinion on Population Reference Intakes.Water is consumed from different sources, which include drinking water (tap and bottled water), beverages, moisture content of foods, and water produced by oxidative processes in the body. Water intake from beverages and foods is defined as total water intake, while the sum of total water intake and oxidation water constitutes total available water.Water is essential for practically all functions of the body and is particularly important for thermoregulation.A water intake which balances losses and thereby assures adequate hydration of body tissues is essential for health and life.The water content of the body and the distribution of body water over the intracellular and extracellular compartments of the body changes with age, but is under tight homeostatic control for an individual in a given stage of life.Loss of body weight, denoting loss of body water, of about 1% is normally compensated within 24 hours. Without compensation and furthe...

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“…Também a geometria corporal se altera, afetando uma das premissas do cálculo da resistência e reactância, que é o diâmetro do corpo atravessado pela corrente 1 . Outros enfatizam que o glicogênio tecidual tende a se depletar no final da gestação, com concomitante perda de água celular, resultando em mudança da densidade da massa magra e falhas na estimação dela 13 . Diante de todas estas incertezas, Lukaski et al 1 optaram por estudar a água corporal na gravidez com base em equação própria, obtida por regressão linear múltipla não somente das medidas usuais de resistência, peso e altura, mas levando em conta, também, a reactância, circunferência abdominal e hematócrito.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

“…Os excessos hídricos do feto são reais, mas a contrapartida é o ganho de gordura (90% materna 14 ), quase anidra, resultando numa parcela aquosa média de 50%, análoga à dos tecidos maternos pré-gravídicos, de sorte a, praticamente, não modificar as leituras de bioimpedância. Tal suposição encontra respaldo nos resultados da equação de Lukaski et al 1 , assim como, com poucas ressalvas, de outros grupos experientes 13 .…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Avaliação da composição corporal em gestantes de termo

Morais

Tavares

Pezzin

et al. 1997

Rev. Assoc. Med. Bras.

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RESUMO -A gravidez acompanha-se de modificações fisiológicas bem conhecidas nos compartimentos hídricos e energéticos maternos, que se somam a hipertrofias orgânicas e ao aparecimento de um bloco feto-placentário. Conseqüentemente, a composição corporal sofre alterações, porém poucos estudos têm documentado tal fenômeno. O advento da bioimpedância favoreceu a obtenção das informações desejadas de forma prática e segura.OBJETIVOS. Foram os propósitos deste trabalho: registrar as principais variáveis antropométri-cas numa população de gestantes de termo; determinar as medidas de composição corpórea pela bioimpedância; comparar esses achados com os primeiros, assim como com outras metodologias relatadas na literatura. PACIENTES E MÉTODO. A população consistiu de 30 gestantes de termo admitidas no período pré-parto, sem complicações, sofrimento fetal ou gravidez múltipla, e submetidas às seguintes mensurações: Antropometria -Peso, altura, índice de massa corporal, prega cutânea do tríceps, circunferência muscular do braço; Bioimpedância -Gordura corporal, massa magra, água total, água intra e extracelular, terceiro espaço e relação sódio/potássio permutável.RESULTADOS. Observaram-se valores de peso corporal e índice de massa corporal aumentados, porém inteiramente compatíveis com a situação fisiológica das gestantes. A água corpórea total situava-se na mesma faixa percentual de mulheres não-grávidas, tal como já suspeitado por outros autores, porém com indícios de expansão do extracelular e formação de terceiro espaço. A massa gorda elevou-se, porém, também em proporções não muito diferentes do relatado anteriormente em levantamentos antropométricos.CONCLUSÕES. Nas condições do presente trabalho, em que uma equação de bioimpedância para uso geral foi aplicada, o método demonstrou resultados compatíveis com as informações clínicas disponí-veis, as verificações antropométricas e os registros de outros investigadores. Conclui-se que a impedância bioelétrica é um procedimento de avaliação promissor na gravidez, justificando estudos ulteriores com esta metodologia. UNITERMOS: Gravidez de termo. Impedância bioelétrica. Composição corporal. Água corporal. Gordura corporal. Antropometria. Avaliação nutricional. INTRODUÇÃOO período final de gravidez acompanha-se de alterações fisiológicas nos compartimentos hídricos do organismo 1 , ao lado de eventuais déficits e excessos nutricionais [2][3][4] . Surge um conjunto feto-placentário significativo, cujo conteúdo fluido se distingue dos tecidos maternos 5 , assim como hipertrofia de mamas e útero, tudo isto refletindo-se em medidas nutricionais e da composição corpórea.Todavia, embora as curvas de peso na gravidez estejam amplamente documentadas 6 , poucos estudos aferiram as gestantes sob o prisma da composição corporal. Tendo-se em vista a facilidade e segurança da realização de tal propedêutica com o advento da bioimpedância, realizou-se um estudo sistemático desta natureza em gestantes de termo.Foram objetivos do presente trabalho: 1) determinar a composição corpórea em ges...

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New equations for estimating body fat mass in pregnancy from body density or total body water

Cited by 145 publications

References 2 publications

Excessive gestational weight gain prior to glucose screening and the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis

Excessive gestational weight gain prior to glucose screening and the risk of gestational diabetes: a meta-analysis

Scientific Opinion on Dietary Reference Values for water

Avaliação da composição corporal em gestantes de termo

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