All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this book may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise) without the written permission of both the copyright owner and the author of the book. EADI -the European Association of Development Research and Training Institutes -is the leading professional network for development and regional studies in Europe (www.eadi.org). Table of contents Do multinational companies transfer technology to local small and medium-sized enterprises? The case of the Tegal metalworking industry cluster in Indonesia 75 Tulus Tambunan 3.1 Introduction 75 3.2 Multinational companies in Indonesia 76 3.3 The case of Tegal metalworking industry 79 3.4 Findings 82 3.5 Concluding remarks 93 African small and medium enterprises and the challenges in global value chains: The case of Nigerian garment enterprises 101 Osmund Osinachi Uzor 4.1 Introduction 101 4.2 The methodological limitations 102 4.3 Overviews of literature and theoretical background 103 4.4 Global value chains and the challenges in upgrading African small and medium enterprise garment producers 107 4.5 The capabilities of small and medium enterprises in garment producers in Aba 110 4.6 Conclusions and recommendations 117 Mutual productivity spillovers and regional clusters in Eastern Europe: Some empirical evidence 123 Chiara Franco and Kornelia Kozovska 5.1 Introduction 123 5.2 Foreign direct investment and spillovers: the direct effect 125 5.3 Foreign direct investment and spillovers: the reverse effect 128 5.4 Foreign direct investment and spillovers: the mediating factors 130 5.5 Empirical analysis 132 5.6 Results 137 5.7 Conclusion 138