New experimental insights into magneto-mechanical rate dependences of magnetorheological elastomers

Fernández, Andrés Martínez; Gonzalez-Rico, Jorge; López-Donaire, María Luisa; Árias, A.; Garcia‐Gonzalez, Daniel

doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2021.109148

Cited by 59 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 76 publications

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“…Smart materials can respond to external stimuli such as heat, pH, magnetic/electric field, etc. [235][236][237][238][239][240]. As illustrated in Figure 9, 4D printing essentially means the 3D printing of smart materials.…”

Section: Towards Magneto-active 4d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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Additive manufacturing (AM) or 3D printing is a digital manufacturing process and offers virtually limitless opportunities to develop structures/objects by tailoring material composition, processing conditions, and geometry technically at every point in an object. In this review, we present three different early adopted, however, widely used, polymer-based 3D printing processes; fused deposition modelling (FDM), selective laser sintering (SLS), and stereolithography (SLA) to create polymeric parts. The main aim of this review is to offer a comparative overview by correlating polymer material-process-properties for three different 3D printing techniques. Moreover, the advanced material-process requirements towards 4D printing via these print methods taking an example of magneto-active polymers is covered. Overall, this review highlights different aspects of these printing methods and serves as a guide to select a suitable print material and 3D print technique for the targeted polymeric material-based applications and also discusses the implementation practices towards 4D printing of polymer-based systems with a current state-of-the-art approach.

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Section: Towards Magneto-active 4d Printingmentioning

confidence: 99%

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

et al. 2021

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“…This phenomenon is explained as the change of material stiffness in the presence of a magnetic field. An increase in the shear and tensile moduli under an EMF have both been observed for MREs [119]. Unlike magnetostriction, the magneto-rheological effect is rarely observed in conventional ferromagnetic materials, making magneto-active materials a unique kind of material [120].…”

Section: Magnetorheological Elastomers (Mres)mentioning

confidence: 98%

Tuning the Cell and Biological Tissue Environment through Magneto-Active Materials

et al. 2021

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This review focuses on novel applications based on multifunctional materials to actuate biological processes. The first section of the work revisits the current knowledge on mechanically dependent biological processes across several scales from subcellular and cellular level to the cell-collective scale (continuum approaches). This analysis presents a wide variety of mechanically dependent biological processes on nervous system behaviour; bone development and healing; collective cell migration. In the second section, this review presents recent advances in smart materials suitable for use as cell substrates or scaffolds, with a special focus on magneto-active polymers (MAPs). Throughout the manuscript, both experimental and computational methodologies applied to the different treated topics are reviewed. Finally, the use of smart polymeric materials in bioengineering applications is discussed.

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“…where, the subscript n denotes the previously converged load step. Note that the truly incompressible case is easily recovered by setting J = 1 and ϑ = 0 in (32). We refer the reader to Kadapa and Hossain [83] for the comprehensive details and the advantages of this approach.…”

Section: Finite Element Formulation For Hard Magnetic Polymersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, as expected, for a high mechanical stretching, soft magnetisable particles are separated largely, which reduce the so-called magneto-restrictive (change of sample sizes) or magneto-rheological (change of various moduli) effects. In contrast to tensile tests, Kallio [29], Gordaninejad et al [28], and Moreno et al [32] performed compressive tests for a wide range of mechanical strains under a magneto-mechanical load to quantify the magneto-rheological effects on soft MAPs. In addition to uniaxial tensile and compression experiments, Schubert et al [30,33] conducted a series of shear and equi-biaxial tensile tests both on isotropic and anisotropic soft MAPs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A unified numerical approach for soft to hard magneto-viscoelastically coupled polymers

Kadapa¹,

Hossain²

2021

Preprint

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The last decade has witnessed the emergence of magneto-active polymers (MAPs) as one of the most advanced multi-functional soft composites. Depending on the magnetisation mechanisms and responsive behaviour, MAPs are mainly classified into two groups: i) hard magnetic MAPs in which a large residual magnetic flux density sustains even after the removal of the external magnetic field, and ii) soft magnetic MAPs where the magnetisation of the filler particles disappear upon the removal of the external magnetic field. Polymeric materials are widely treated as fully incompressible solids that require special numerical treatment to solve the associated boundary value problem. Furthermore, both soft and hard magnetic particles-filled soft polymers are inherently viscoelastic. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to devise a unified finite element method-based numerical framework for magneto-mechanically coupled systems that can work for compressible and fully incompressible materials and from hard to soft MAPs, including the effects of the time-dependent viscoelastic behaviour of the underlying matrix. First, variational formulations for the uncoupled problem for hard MAPs and the coupled problem for soft MAPs are derived. The weak forms are then discretised with higher-order Bézier elements while the evolution equation for internal variables in viscoelastic models is solved using the generalised-alpha time integration scheme, which is implicit and second-order accurate. Finally, a series of experimentally-driven boundary value problems consisting of the beam and robotic gripper models are solved in magneto-mechanically coupled settings, demonstrating the versatility of the proposed numerical framework. The effect of viscoelastic material parameters on the response characteristics of MAPs under coupled magnetomechanical loading is also studied.

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New experimental insights into magneto-mechanical rate dependences of magnetorheological elastomers

Cited by 59 publications

References 76 publications

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

3D/4D Printing of Polymers: Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM), Selective Laser Sintering (SLS), and Stereolithography (SLA)

Tuning the Cell and Biological Tissue Environment through Magneto-Active Materials

A unified numerical approach for soft to hard magneto-viscoelastically coupled polymers

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