New Findings on Autoimmune Etiology of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Serum IL-17, IL-22 and IL-23 Levels of Patients

Local Steroid Treatment: An Effective Procedure for Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis, Including Complicated Cases

“…Özel et al 19 found positivity in rheumatoid factor in 6 of 8 patients, and antinuclear antibody and antiDs DNA antibodies in 2 of 8 patients with a diagnosis of IGM. In another study, Saydam et al 20 reported a difference in serum interleukin 22 and interleukin 23 levels in patients with (n=26) and without (n=15) a diagnosis of IGM, and stated that this difference supports an autoimmune etiology for IGM. However, data on this aspect of IGM are limited and further studies are needed on the presence of autoimmune markers in IGM.…”

Serum C-Reactive Protein and Interleukin-6 Levels as Biomarkers for Disease Severity and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis

“…Our findings were compatible with the findings of a previous study which demonstrated that higher serum IL-17 concentration was found in IGM patients compared to HC [ 14 ]. The other study showed that the serum concentration of IL-22 and IL-23 was higher in IGM patients compared to HC; however, there was no statistically significant difference in serum IL-17 concentration [ 13 ]. The increased synthesis of CRP is primarily induced by IL-6, and to a lesser degree by IL-1β and TNF-α.…”

“…T H 1 and T H 17 responses were both required in the development of granulomatous inflammation in tuberculosis and sarcoidosis [ 34 , 35 ]. However, the conflicting results of the T H 17 response in IGM were observed in the aforementioned studies [ 13 , 14 ]. The findings of this study suggested that the T H 17 response might be involved in the chronic inflammation in IGM.…”

“…This hypothesis is supported by the lymphocytes infiltration in pathological sections, effectiveness of GC treatment, and presence of extramammary manifestations [ 4 ]. Recent studies had also found higher serum concentrations of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-10, IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, and IL-33 in IGM patients than healthy controls (HC) [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. However, the association between clinical and immunological features of IGM remains unrevealed.…”

Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis: Etiopathogenetic Considerations on a Rare Benign Inflammatory Breast Disease

“…Given this background, we would highlight an original study about IGM recently published in Journal of Investigative Surgery. Notably, this case series focuses on the serum levels of interleukin (IL)-17 and IL-22 in women affected by IGM [6]. Thanks to the discovery that levels of these cytokines are higher in patients with IGM compared to patients without this diagnosis, the authors of the study have strongly supported the hypothesis that autoimmune mechanisms may have a not negligible role in IGM.…”