“…In recent years, gel dosimeters, which are chemical dosimeters, have been attracting significant attention as promising tools for measuring 3D dose distributions [ 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 , 19 , 20 , 21 ]. Various forms of chemical dosimeters are used, such as the Fricke gel dosimeter [ 22 , 23 , 24 ], which uses the oxidation reaction of iron ions, and the polymer gel dosimeter [ 25 , 26 , 27 ], which uses radiation-induced polymerization in a monomer solution. The 3D spatial information of these methods is preserved by implanting radiosensitive chemicals in a spatially stable gel matrix.…”