New gross energy-requirement figures for materials production

Worrell, Ernst; Heijningen, R.J.J. van; Castro, J.F.M. de; Hazewinkel, J.H.O.; Beer, Johannes; Faaij, A.P.C.; Vringer, Kees

doi:10.1016/0360-5442(94)90003-5

Cited by 62 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…With the latest estimates, embodied energy could reach as low as 5,733-8,375 kcal per kg of steel (cold-rolled, virgin steel) (WEC 1995;Fruehan et al 2000;Worrell et al 1994) and 10,340 kcal per kg of rubber tire (ANL, NREL, PNNL, 1997; Burnham et al 2006). Estimates of manufacturing energy from six studies were compared: Doering (1980), Berry and Fels (1972), Pimentel and Patzek (2005), Fruehan et al (2000), WEC (1995), and Hill et al (2006).…”

Section: Comparison Of Estimates From Literature For Energy Associatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel-cycle assessment of selected bioethanol production.

Wu¹,

Wang²,

Hong³

2007

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Section: Comparison Of Estimates From Literature For Energy Associatementioning

confidence: 99%

Fuel-cycle assessment of selected bioethanol production.

Wu¹,

Wang²,

Hong³

2007

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“…In the Netherlands the specific energy consumption for steam cracking of naphtha was estimated to be 58 GJ/tonne primary energy (including feedstocks) (Worrell et al, 1994b). Estimates for average intensities in China range from 73 to 90 GJ/tonne using a relatively heavy feedstock mix (China Energy Research Society, 1993;Yang and Zeng, 1994).…”

Section: Energy Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For bulk polymers, which must undergo transformation processes that involve steam, heat, and pressure, gross energy requirements for modern plants have been estimated to be 69.8, 61.6, 81.5 and 55.7 GJ/tonne for polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, and polyvinyl chloride respectively (Worrell et al, 1994b). This estimate includes the consumption of energy used to produce and transport the raw material feedstocks to the production complex.…”

Section: Energy Intensitymentioning

confidence: 99%

China's industrial sector in an international context

Price¹,

Worrell²,

Martin³

et al. 2000

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“…Sulfic acid very often remains as a waste product of the chemical industry. (Worrell et al, 1994) Potash fertilizers are produced from sylvinite salt. Sylvinite is diluted in a circulation fluid in the flotation process.…”

Section: Fertilizer Processmentioning

confidence: 99%

India's Fertilizer Industry: Productivity and Energy Efficiency

Schumacher¹,

Sathaye²

1999

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Historical estimates of productivity growth in India's fertilizer sector vary from indicating an improvement to a decline in the sector's productivity. The variance may be traced to the time period of study, source of data for analysis, and type of indices and econometric specifications used for reporting productivity growth. We derive both growth accounting and econometric estimates of productivity growth for this sector. Our results show that over the observed period from 1973-74 to 1993-94 productivity increased by 2.3'-XO p.s. as indicated by the Translog index. Calculations of the Kendrick and Solow index support this finding. The increase took place during the era of total control when a retention price system and distribution control was in effect. The retention price system was coupled with relatively high norms on capacity utilization which supported productivity increase. With liberalization of the fertilizer sector and reduction of subsidies productivity declined substantially since the early 1990s, despite an increase in capacity utilization. Using a translog specification the econometric analysis reveals that technical progress in India's fertilizer sector has been biased towards the use of energy, while it has been capital and labor saving. The analysis of current changes in structure and energy efficiency in the sector demonstrates the major role policies and fiscal incentives play in the Indian fertilizer sector. Substantial energy savings and carbon reduction potential exists. Energy policies can help overcome barriers to the adoption of energy efficiency measures in giving proper incentives and correcting distorted prices... .

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New gross energy-requirement figures for materials production

Cited by 62 publications

References 2 publications

Fuel-cycle assessment of selected bioethanol production.

Fuel-cycle assessment of selected bioethanol production.

China's industrial sector in an international context

India's Fertilizer Industry: Productivity and Energy Efficiency

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