New Hosts for Equine Herpesvirus 9

Schrenzel, Mark D.; Tucker, Tammy A.; Donovan, Taryn A.; Busch, M. D.M.; Wise, Annabel G.; Maes, Roger K.; Kiupel, Matti

doi:10.3201/eid1410.080703

Cited by 65 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Recently, it has been reported that the host range of EHV-9 has expanded to include Grevy's zebras (Equus grevysi) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus), 7,31 as well as a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).…”

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confidence: 99%

An Ocular Infection Model Using Suckling Hamsters Inoculated With Equine Herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9)

et al. 2012

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By using a new member of the neurotropic equine herpesviruses, EHV-9, which induced encephalitis in various species via various routes, an ocular infection model was developed in suckling hamsters. The suckling hamsters were inoculated with EHV-9 via the conjunctival route and were sacrificed after 6,12,24,36, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours (h) post inoculation (PI). Three horizontal sections of the brains, including the eyes and cranial cavity, were examined histologically to assess the viral kinetics and time-course neuropathological alterations using a panoramic view. At 6 to 24 h PI, there were various degrees of necrosis in the conjunctival epithelial cells, as well as frequent mononuclear cell infiltrations in the lamina propria and the tarsus of the eyelid, and frequent myositis of the eyelid muscles. At 96 h PI, encephalitis was observed in the brainstem at the level of the pons and cerebellum. EHV-9 antigen immunoreactivity was detected in the macrophages circulating in the eyelid and around the fine nerve endings supplying the eyelid, the nerves of the extraocular muscles, and the lacrimal glands from 6 h to 144 h PI. At 96 h PI, the viral antigen immunoreactivity was detected in the brainstem at the level of the pons and cerebellum. These results suggest that EHV-9 invaded the brain via the trigeminal nerve in addition to the abducent, oculomotor, and facial nerves. This conjunctival EHV-9 suckling hamster model may be useful in assessing the neuronal spread of neuropathogenic viruses via the eyes to the brain. Keywords EHV-9, eye, suckling hamsters, neuropathogenesis EHV-9, the newest member of the equine herpesvirus family, is a highly neurotropic herpesvirus first isolated in an outbreak of encephalitis in a herd of Thomson's gazelles (Gazella thomsoni) kept at a zoological garden. 13,36 Although the natural host of EHV-9 and the complete host range are still unknown, a member of the equidae is suspected to be a natural host of EHV-9, as domestic horses (Equus caballus) inoculated intranasally with EHV-9 exhibited only mild encephalitis and there were no resulting deaths. 34 In addition, a high seroprevalence for EHV-9 without any signs was detected among Burchell's zebras (Equus burchelli) in Serengeti National Park in Tanzania. 2 Recently, it has been reported that the host range of EHV-9 has expanded to include Grevy's zebras (Equus grevysi) and polar bears (Ursus maritimus), 7,31 as well as a giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis reticulata).18 EHV-9 is most closely related to the recently re-emergent neurotropic pathogen, EHV-1; however, cleavage by restriction enzymes showed that the DNA fingerprint of EHV-9 is different from that of EHV-1 and other equine herpesviruses. 13Emerging EHV-9 infections are of special interest because there is a wide range of susceptible hosts, which includes mice and rats, 13 hamsters, 12 goats, 35 pigs, 26 dogs and cats, 37,38 and common marmosets. 21 Recently, EHV-9 was used to induce encephalitis in hamsters by different routes of inoculation, including th...

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confidence: 99%

An Ocular Infection Model Using Suckling Hamsters Inoculated With Equine Herpesvirus 9 (EHV-9)

et al. 2012

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“…The virus was identified as EHV-1 based on DNA fingerprinting and serological analyses (Montali et al, 1985). PCR and DNA sequencing analyses of the DNA polymerase showed that the zebras and the onager had an EHV-9 strain identical to that found in the polar bear (Schrenzel et al, 2008). …”

Section: Meningoencephalitis In a Polar Bearmentioning

confidence: 76%

“…A 12-year-old female polar bear (Ursus maritimus) developed a sudden onset of neurological symptoms in 2007 (Schrenzel et al, 2008;Donovan et al, 2009). Nonsuppurative pleocytosis of cerebrospinal fluid was observed.…”

Section: Meningoencephalitis In a Polar Bearmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The nucleotide sequence of the PCR product indicated the presence of EHV-9, which was further confirmed by following PCR for the EHV-9 gB gene segment. Schrenzel et al (2008) described that EHV-9 had been detected at the same zoological garden in 2 Grevy's zebras (Equus grevysi) from the same herd, which had been relocated near the polar bears before the polar bear case. One of the infected Grevy's zebras was 8 days old and had viral interstitial pneumonia; the other was an adult with rhinitis and intranuclear inclusion bodies.…”

Section: Meningoencephalitis In a Polar Bearmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Both zebras were immunocompromised as a result of other concurrent conditions. Schrenzel et al (2008) described that EHV-9 was found by a retrospective analysis of tissues from an aborted Persian onager (Equus hemionus onager) fetus from a zoological park in Washington, DC (Montali et al, 1985). The onager fetus was aborted after the dam came in close proximity to a Grevy's zebra.…”

Section: Meningoencephalitis In a Polar Bearmentioning

confidence: 99%

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