New infrared spectral indices of luminous cold stars: from early K to M-types

Abstract

We present infrared spectral indices (1.0-2.3 µm) of Galactic late-type giants and red supergiants (RSGs). We used existing and new spectra obtained at resolution power R=2000 with SpeX on the IRTF telescope. While a large CO equivalent width (EW), at 2.29 µm ([CO, 2.29] 45 Å) is a typical signature of RSGs later than spectral type M0, [CO] of K-type RSGs and giants are similar. In the [CO, 2.29] versus [Mg I, 1.71] diagram, RSGs of all spectral types can be distinguished from red giants, because the Mg I line weakens with increasing temperature and decreasing gravity. We find several lines that vary with luminosity, but not temperature: Si I (1.59 µm), Sr (1.033 µm), Fe+Cr+Si+CN (1.16 µm), Fe+Ti (1.185 µm), Fe+Ti (1.196 µm), Ti+Ca (1.28 µm), and Mn (1.29 µm). Good markers of CN enhancement are the Fe+Si+CN line at 1.087 µm and CN line at 1.093 µm. Using these lines, at the resolution of SpeX, it is possible to separate RSGs and giants. Contaminant O-rich Mira and S-type AGBs are recognized by strong molecular features due to water vapor features, TiO band heads, and/or ZrO absorption. Among the 42 candidate RSGs that we observed, all but one were found to be late-types. 21 have EWs consistent with those of RSGs, 16 with those of O-rich Mira AGBs, and one with an S-type AGB. These infrared results open new, unexplored, potential for searches at low-resolution of RSGs in the highly obscured innermost regions of the Milky Way.