New insight on paleoriver development in the Nile basin of the eastern Sahara

Mode of formation of the Nile Gorge in northern Egypt: a study by DEM‐SRTM data and GIS analysis

“…Significant studies of the geology and history of the Nile include: Sandford and Arkell (1939), Butzer and Hansen (1968), Yousef (1968), Abdel-Rahman and El-Baz (1979), Williams and Williams (1980), Said (1981Said ( , 1983Said ( , 1993, Issawi and McCauley (1993), Adamson et al (1993), Youssef (2003), Thurmond et al (2004), Woodward et al (2007), Issawi and Osman (2008), Williams (2009) and Abdelkareem et al (2012). Significant studies of the geology and history of the Nile include: Sandford and Arkell (1939), Butzer and Hansen (1968), Yousef (1968), Abdel-Rahman and El-Baz (1979), Williams and Williams (1980), Said (1981Said ( , 1983Said ( , 1993, Issawi and McCauley (1993), Adamson et al (1993), Youssef (2003), Thurmond et al (2004), Woodward et al (2007), Issawi and Osman (2008), Williams (2009) and Abdelkareem et al (2012).…”

“…(b) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) based on the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) showing the elevations in the study area. Abdelkareem et al (2012) proposed that the Nile formed during subsequent stages and lengthened as Africa drifted northward relative to the Earth's equator; i.e. This figure is available in colour online at wileyonlinelibrary.com/journal/gj Gilf systems, e.g.…”

“…The Nile drainage systems have challenged many researchers by their complexity. Significant studies of the geology and history of the Nile include: Sandford and Arkell (1939), Butzer and Hansen (1968), Yousef (1968), Abdel-Rahman and El-Baz (1979), Williams and Williams (1980), Said (1981Said ( , 1983Said ( , 1993, Issawi and McCauley (1993), Adamson et al (1993), Youssef (2003), Thurmond et al (2004), Woodward et al (2007), Issawi and Osman (2008), Williams (2009) and Abdelkareem et al (2012).…”

“…Berry and Whiteman (1968) supported the idea that the Nile was a very old drainage system of Late Cretaceous or even earlier times. Yousef (1968), Abdel-Rahman and El-Baz (1979), Said (1981), Youssef (2003) and Abdelkareem et al (2012) consider that the Nile was probably formed during Late Eocene to Pliocene. However, other workers consider that the age of the Nile is much younger, namely of Pleistocene, e.g.…”

“…Youssef's opinion (2003) linked the origin of the predominant structural direction of the Nile Valley (NW-SE) to the compressive stress contemporaneous with both the Gulf of Suez rifting and the Red Sea extensional phases. Abdelkareem et al (2012) proposed that the Nile formed during subsequent stages and lengthened as Africa drifted northward relative to the Earth's equator; i.e. it is probable that during the Late Eocene or Oligocene, the Earth's equator was located at the present-day latitudes of Chad and Sudan.…”