New insights in prolactin: pathological implications

Abstract

Prolactin is a hormone that is mainly secreted by lactotroph cells of the anterior pituitary gland, and is involved in many biological processes including lactation and reproduction. Animal models have provided insights into the biology of prolactin proteins and offer compelling evidence that the different prolactin isoforms each have independent biological functions. The major isoform, 23 kDa prolactin, acts via its membrane receptor, the prolactin receptor (PRL-R), which is a member of the haematopoietic cytokine superfamily and for which the mechanism of activation has been deciphered. The 16 kDa prolactin isoform is a cleavage product derived from native prolactin, which has received particular attention as a result of its newly described inhibitory effects on angiogenesis and tumorigenesis. The discovery of multiple extrapituitary sites of prolactin secretion also increases the range of known functions of this hormone. This Review summarizes current knowledge of the biology of prolactin and its receptor, as well as its physiological and pathological roles. We focus on the role of prolactin in human pathophysiology, particularly the discovery of the mechanism underlying infertility associated with hyperprolactinaemia and the identification of the first mutation in human PRLR.

Features of the endocrine system of female adolescents in cotton-growing regions

“…Пролактин сүт бездерінің жетілуі және олардағы бөлікшелері мен түтіктердің көбеюінде маңызды орын алатындығы мәлім [25]. Сондықтан оның өндірілуінің аз болуы сүт бездерінің дамуының тежелу үдерісіне әрекет етуі мүмікн.…”

Prolactin receptor in breast cancer: marker for metastatic risk

“…Prolactin is produced in an endocrine manner in the anterior pituitary gland, as well as secreted in an extrapituitary, autocrine/paracrine manner from normal breast and breast tumor tissue. The major isoform, the 23 kDa protein, is proteolytically cleaved to 14 kDa, 16 kDa and 22 kDa isoforms (Bernard et al 2015). Although the 16 kDa fraction cannot interact with the PRLR, it functions as an anti-angiogenic molecule (vasoinhibin) by interacting with endothelial cells, in contrast to the full-length form of PRL, which is vasoactive (Clapp et al 2008).…”

“…The complexity of PRL signaling and the spectrum of biological response start with the potential for different prolactin isoforms to be produced (Bernard et al 2015). Prolactin is produced in an endocrine manner in the anterior pituitary gland, as well as secreted in an extrapituitary, autocrine/paracrine manner from normal breast and breast tumor tissue.…”

“…The soluble forms include delta7/11 (and delta4/11 or delta7/11) (Trott et al 2003). PRL transcript variants and PRLR isoforms have been covered in a recent review (Bernard et al 2015).…”

Influência da temperatura de cultivo na expressão de proteínas recombinantes de interesse terapêutico no espaço periplásmico bacteriano, utilizando o promotor lambda PL

“…A prolactina (PRL) é um hormônio polipeptídico conhecido por estimular a lactação e por exercer ação regulatória no crescimento e na diferenciação da glândula mamária (Sinha, 1995 O gene que codifica a prolactina é único, sendo encontrado em todos os vertebrados, e, nos humanos, está localizado no cromossomo seis (Ormandy, 1997;Bernard, 2015). Possui também ação direta nos controles do ciclo e diferenciação celular e da apoptose (Walker, 2001;.…”