New Insights into Baicalein’s Effect on Chlorpyrifos-Induced Liver Injury in Carp: Involving Macrophage Polarization and Pyropto sis

Abstract

Chlorpyrifos (CPF) is widely used in agriculture, plants, and buildings to kill pests and worms. Excessive environmental residues of CPF will result in soil and ecological contamination and toxicity to animals and humans. Baicalein (Bai), derived from the root of natural Scutellaria baicalensis, is a potent anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antitumor agent. The objective of this paper is to investigate the molecular mechanism by which Bai prevents CPF-induced hepatotoxic injury. Carp were kept in water containing CPF (23.2 μg/L) and/or fed diets containing Bai (0.15 g/kg). We found that Bai attenuated liver tissue damage and vacuolization caused by CPF. We confirmed that CPF causes M1/M2 polarization imbalance in macrophages and hepatocyte pyroptosis, which ultimately leads to liver injury. Further exploration of the internal mechanism shows that CPF participates in liver toxicity damage by destroying the AMPK/SIRT1/pGC-1α pathway and causing mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial dynamics imbalance. Notably, Bai significantly attenuated CPF-induced inhibition of the AMPK/SIRT1/pGC-1α pathway. In summary, our results suggest that Bai alleviates CPF exposure-induced inhibition of the AMPK/SIRT1/pGC-1α pathway, thereby attenuating macrophage M1 hyperpolarization and pyroptosis by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. These results may provide new insights into the detoxification mechanism of Bai on the same type of organophosphorus pesticides.

Sulforaphene Inhibits Periodontitis through Regulating Macrophage Polarization via Upregulating Dendritic Cell Immunoreceptor

“…Recent studies have indicated that naturally occurring food compounds can regulate macrophage polarization, such as Laminaria japonica polysaccharide, scoparone, and baicalein. − Naturally occurring food compounds have garnered extensive attention due to their good biocompatibility and low production cost, making them potential options for regulating macrophage polarization and associated diseases . Sulforaphene (SFE) is one of the major isothiocyanates derived from radish seeds possessing the advantages of being readily isolated in large quantities, high purity, and low cost. , Multiple studies have substantiated its pronounced inhibitory capabilities against various types of cancer cells. , Furthermore, SFE has displayed notable antibacterial properties against various bacterial strains, including oral pathogens. , In recent years, studies have also shed light on the anti-inflammatory properties of SFE, elucidating its inhibitory effects on colitis, adipogenesis, and Alzheimer’s disease. − However, the impact of SFE on the polarization of macrophages and periodontitis remains unknown.…”