New insights into cypermethrin insecticide resistance mechanisms of Culex pipiens pallens by proteome analysis

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Due to the development of insecticide resistance in mosquitoes, with worldwide mosquito-borne diseases resurgence in recent years, recent advances in proteome technology have facilitated a proteome-wide analysis of insecticide resistance-associated proteins in mosquitoes. Understanding the complexity of the molecular basis of insecticide resistance mechanisms employed by mosquitoes will help in designing the most effective and sustainable mosquito control methods. RESULTS: After 30 generations, insecticide-selected strains showed elevated resistance levels to the cypermethrin used for selection. Proteome data allowed the detection of 2892 proteins, of which 2885 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) achieved quantitative significances in four stages (egg, larvae, pupae, adult) of Culex pipiens pallens cypermethrin-resistant strain as compared to the susceptible strain. Among them, a significant enrichment of proteins, including cuticular proteins, enzymes involved in the detoxification (cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, esterase, ATP-binding cassette) and some biological pathways (oxidative phosphorylation, hippo signalling) that are potentially involved in cypermethrin resistance, was observed. Thirty-one representative DEPs (cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferase, cuticle protein) during Cx. pipiens pallens developmental stages were confirmed by a parallel reaction monitoring strategy.CONCLUSIONS: The present study confirmed the power of isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification for identifying concomitantly quantitative proteome changes associated with cypermethrin in Cx. pipiens pallens. Proteome analysis suggests that proteome modifications can be selected rapidly by cypermethrin, and multiple resistance mechanisms operate simultaneously in cypermethrin-resistance of Cx. pipiens pallens, Our results interpret that an up-regulated expression of proteins and enzymes like cytochrome P450, glutathione S-transferases, esterase etc. has an impact in insecticide resistance. Previously neglected penetration resistance (cuticular proteins) may play an important role in the adaptive response of Cx. pipiens pallens to insecticides. This information may serve as a basis for future work concerning the possible role of these proteins in cypermethrin resistance in mosquito Cx. pipiens pallens.

Transcriptomic response to pyrethroid treatment in closely related bed bug strains varying in resistance

“…Other studies showed that chitin synthase or larval/pupal cuticular protein had higher transcript level in pyrethroid resistant bed bug strains (Mamidala et al, 2012; Koganemaru et al, 2013). In particular, the larval cuticle protein A3A has also been detected among up-regulated transcripts in resistant insects (Gao et al, 2018; Zhang et al, 2022), including bed bugs (see Supplementary table 6 in Mamidala et al 2012) . Interestingly, two A3A proteins detected as up-regulated in London Field strain were overlapping with a putative inverted duplication (Haberkorn et al, 2023).…”