“…However many signals are not stationary, and a good number of complex-valued signals such as fMRI and wind data as shown in Section 1.2.5, do not necessarily have circular distributions. Thus, the importance of widely linear filters started to be noted and widely linear filters have been proposed for applications such as interference cancelation, demodulation, and equalization for direct sequence code-division-multiple-access systems and array receivers [23,56,99] implemented either in direct form, or computed adaptively using the least-mean-square (LMS) [99] or recursive least squares (RLS) algorithms [55]. Next, we present the widely linear mean-square error filter and discuss its properties, in particular when computed using LMS updates as discussed in [5].…”