New Insights into Structural Development in Natural Rubber during Uniaxial Deformation by In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction

Toki, Shigeyuki; Šics, Igors; Ran, Shaofeng; Liu, Lizui; Hsiao, Benjamin S.; Murakami, Syozo; Senoo, Kazunobu; Kohjiya, Shinzo

doi:10.1021/ma0205921

Cited by 259 publications

(269 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Upon loading beyond a critical strain, the material begins to undergo a partial phase transformation at nucleation sites from the amorphous state to the crystalline state. Then upon unloading the material in the crystalline state melts at a critical stress level and becomes amorphous (Toki et al 2002, Miyamoto et al 2003. Zhang et al (2009) conducted X-ray diffraction measurements of latex specimens at various stretches; results are shown in Figure 2.6.…”

Section: Quasi-static Tensile Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the response of rubbers at high strain rates.

Niemczura

2010

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In this report, we examine the propagation of tensile waves of finite deformation in rubbers through experiments and analysis. Attention is focused on the propagation of one-dimensional dispersive and shock waves in strips of latex and nitrile rubber. Tensile wave propagation experiments were conducted at high strain-rates by holding one end fixed and displacing the other end at a constant velocity. A high-speed video camera was used to monitor the motion and to determine the evolution of strain and particle velocity in the rubber strips. Analysis of the response through the theory of finite waves and quantitative matching between the experimental observations and analytical predictions was used to determine an appropriate instantaneous elastic response for the rubbers. This analysis also yields the tensile shock adiabat for rubber. Dispersive waves as well as shock waves are also observed in free-retraction experiments; these are used to quantify hysteretic effects in rubber. 4 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

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Section: Quasi-static Tensile Testingmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the response of rubbers at high strain rates.

Niemczura

2010

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“…In contrast crystallization in the nanocomposites commences at α ≈ 1.2 and appears to follow a more complex, two-step pattern. Although the I 200 intensity values are directly related to the amount of NR crystallites formed during stretching, 14 we must take into account that the motion of the nanoclay particles and the motion of the polymer chains must be coupled. The first step for α−values < 3 is most likely related to the orientation 30 and alignment of the highly anisotropic nanoclay particles.…”

Section: Strain Induced Crystallizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Miscibility–dispersion, interfacial strength and nanoclay mobility relationships in polymer nanocomposites

et al. 2009

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Fully dispersed layered silicate nanoparticles (nanoclay) in a polymer matrix have provided a new class of multi-functional materials exhibiting several performance improvements over conventional composites. Yet challenges with miscibility and interfacial strength might prevent 15 nanocomposites from realizing their full potential. In this paper we demonstrate the effect of the chemical characteristics of the nanoclay on the miscibility and dispersion in the polymer matrix as well as on the interfacial strength of the bound polymer and the nanoclay mobility, all of which determine the macroscopic properties of the nanocomposite.

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“…Considerably higher degrees of deformation can be achieved easily with unfilled, weakly cross-linked NR, but it is known that above λ ≈ 3, crystallization sets in this polymer [22,23]. The effect of deformation on the transverse relaxation time, T 2 , has been investigated [24], and angular dependent order parameters were obtained from double quantum encoding techniques [25].…”

Section: Uniaxial Deformation Of Elastomersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dependence of Order and Dynamics in Polymers and Elastomers under Deformation Revealed by NMR Techniques

Stapf

Kariyo

2005

Acta Phys. Pol. A

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Uniaxial stretching and swelling are considered as two limiting cases of deformations of elastomers. Under both conditions, the molecular dynamics is changed with respect to the behavior that describes the undisturbed, equilibrium elastomer. Particularly the spectrum of segmental motions, which reveals itself in the frequency-dependence of the longitudinal NMR relaxation time, is discussed in this study, but also order effects expressed via the dipolar coupling strength are investigated. For stretched elastomers, a significant change of the relaxation dispersion is found for three different types of rubber; it is a consequence of a change of the mode spectrum of segmental motions that becomes obvious at low frequencies (below 1 MHz at room temperature). In swollen elastomers, on the other hand, a cross-over towards a behavior expected for semi-dilute solutions is found, and a comparison to solutions of uncross-linked polymers reveals a significant effect of the cross-links only in the kHz range. A much more pronounced difference between elastomers and polymer solutions, however, is found from double--quantum encoded NMR measurements where the residual order introduced by the presence of permanent cross-links is maintained even in the presence of solvent.

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New Insights into Structural Development in Natural Rubber during Uniaxial Deformation by In Situ Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction

Cited by 259 publications

References 29 publications

On the response of rubbers at high strain rates.

On the response of rubbers at high strain rates.

Miscibility–dispersion, interfacial strength and nanoclay mobility relationships in polymer nanocomposites

Dependence of Order and Dynamics in Polymers and Elastomers under Deformation Revealed by NMR Techniques

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