New insights into the limit of the magnetic monopole flux and the heating source in white dwarfs*

Abstract

Based on the magnetic monopoles(MMs) catalytic nuclear decay (RC effect), we propose five new models to discuss the limit of the MMs' flux and the cooling energy resources of the white dwarfs (WDs) by some observations from 13 RGB stars. We find that the number of MMs captured can reach the maximum value of $9.1223\times10^{24}$ when $m=10^{17}, n_B=5.99\times10^{31}, \phi=7.59\times10^{-26}$. The good agreement of our luminosities calculated for WDs with the observations shows that our model is rational due to RC effect by MMs. We obtain the new limit of the MMs' flux of $\xi=\phi\langle\sigma_m v_{\rm{T}}\rangle_{-28}\leq 9.0935\times10^{-13}$, and $\xi\leq 4.9950\times10^{-13}$ at $n_B=5.99\times10^{31}$ when $m=10^{15}, beta=9.4868\times10^{-3}$, and $m=10^{17}, \beta=10^{-3}$, respectively. Our results show that the RC effect could be preventing white dwarfs from cooling down into a stellar graveyard by keeping them hot. Our results will also provide a new idea for further research on the upper limit of MMs' flow.

The Influence of Velocity-dependent Correction Factor on Proton Decay Reactions in Massive White Dwarfs

“…Recently, we discussed the energy source problem for WDs. First, we discussed the numbers of MMs captured in space at the surface of stars, which is given by (Peng et al 1985;Peng & Liu 2023;Liu et al 2023aLiu et al , 2023bLiu & Liu 2023c, 2023d g m = 3hc/2e and m B , which are the magnetic charge of MMs and the baryon number mass, respectively. The MM mass is about m m ∼ 10 16 m p (Polyakov 1974), where m p is the mass of a proton.…”

“…where R g = 2.96 × 10 5 M * is the Schwarzschild radius, and M 12 = M * /10 12 , M * = M/M e and R * = R/R e (Peng et al 1985;Peng & Liu 2023;Liu et al 2023aLiu et al , 2023bLiu & Liu 2023c, 2023d. As a general rule, the values of reaction cross-section are distributed between 10 −26 and 10 −24 cm 2 .…”

“…The reactions pM → e + π 0 M + debris(85%), and pM → e + μ ± M + debris(15%) are named proton decay reactions catalyzed by MMs, which were proposed by the RC effect. The luminosity due to the RC effect is (Peng et al 1985;Peng & Liu 2023;Liu et al 2023aLiu et al , 2023bLiu & Liu 2023c, 2023d)…”

“…Their researches provide a database for further exploration of the evolution of WDs. Recently, the energy source problem for WDs has been discussed by Peng & Liu (2023); Liu et al (2023aLiu et al ( , 2023b; Liu & Liu (2023c) and Liu & Liu 2023d). However, the influence of the velocity-dependent correction factor on the cross-sections in the Rubakov process is ignored in the above works.…”