“…Since the invention of submerged fermentation, bioreactors have found wide applications in diverse fields including wastewater treatment in the environmental protection sector, cell culture and tissue engineering in the healthcare sector, the Abbreviations: µSI, micro sequential injection; A/D, analog/digital; AI, artificial intelligence; ALE, adaptive laboratory evolution; BLSS, Bioregenerative Life Support System; CMOS, complementary metal-oxide semiconductor; D/A, digital/analog; DCS, distributed control system; DIY, do-it-yourself; DO, dissolved oxygen; DOE, design of experiment; DoS, denial of service; FCS, fieldbus control system; FF, Foundation Fieldbus; FIA, flow injection analysis; FOCS, flat organizational control system; HSCS, hierarchical structure control system; IoT, Internet of Things; KBCS, knowledge-based control system; MES, manufacturing execution system; MEMS, microelectromechanical system; NCS, networked control system; NIR, near-infrared; OD, optical density; OS, operating system; PAT, process analytical technique; PTR-ToF-MS, proton transfer reaction with a time-of-flight mass spectrometer; PID, proportional-integral-derivative; PLC, programmable logical controller; Pt_rGO, Pt-decorated reduced graphene oxide; RFID, radio frequency identification; UPLC, ultra-performance liquid chromatography; VHM, valve health monitor. production of high-value pharmaceuticals and bulk chemicals in industrial biotechnology, and even the cultivation of algae for oxygen generation in space exploration (Li X. et al, 2016;Pirasaci et al, 2017;Zhuo et al, 2018;Christoffersson and Mandenius, 2019). Strong demand for various applications stimulated progress in bioreactor structure design to fulfill specific purposes, such as solid-state fermentation bioreactors used in the Chinese alcoholic beverage (Baijiu) brewing industry, anaerobic membrane bioreactors for wastewater treatment, classic tank bioreactors used in the fermentation industry, and the recently developed inexpensive single-use bioreactors for the small-scale production of high-value biological pharmaceuticals (Zhuo et al, 2018;Fang et al, 2019;Metze et al, 2019).…”