New Insights into Water Treatment Materials with Chemically Sensitive Soft and Tender X-rays

Su, Gregory M.; Cordova, Isvar; Wang, Cheng

doi:10.1080/08940886.2020.1784695

Cited by 5 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…ray scattering (TReXS), have been successful in characterizing phase separation structures of PEMs. [146][147][148]157,158] Figure 10a showed the SAXS profiles of three bulk membranes, and two scattering signals can be observed. [157] The peaks at q = 0.15-0.1 Å −1 and q = 0.07-0.02 Å −1 could be attributed to the ionic clusters and semicrystalline hydrophobic matrix, respectively.…”

Section: Scattering Characterization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The RSoXS images and transmission NEXAFS profiles (inset) in Figure 10d indicated that the scattering intensity was amplified when the incident energy was changed from pre-edge to adsorption edge for both O and F K-edge, significantly highlighting the semicrystalline domains in the Nafion membranes. [147] Further, by conducting the TReXS experiments at the sulfur (S) K-edge (2476 eV), both the ionomer peak and matrix knee were more obvious, which were easy to be analyzed (Figure 10e). [148] Figure 10.…”

Section: Scattering Characterization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Rational Materials and Structure Design for Improving the Performance and Durability of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes (HT‐PEMs)

Song,

Zhao,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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Hydrogen energy as the next‐generation clean energy carrier has attracted the attention of both academic and industrial fields. A key limit in the current stage is the operation temperature of hydrogen fuel cells, which lies in the slow development of high‐temperature and high‐efficiency proton exchange membranes. Currently, much research effort has been devoted to this field, and very innovative material systems have been developed. The authors think it is the right time to make a short summary of the high‐temperature proton exchange membranes (HT‐PEMs), the fundamentals, and developments, which can help the researchers to clearly and efficiently gain the key information. In this paper, the development of key materials and optimization strategies, the degradation mechanism and possible solutions, and the most common morphology characterization techniques as well as correlations between morphology and overall properties have been systematically summarized.

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Section: Scattering Characterization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Scattering Characterization Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rational Materials and Structure Design for Improving the Performance and Durability of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes (HT‐PEMs)

Song,

Zhao,

Zhou

et al. 2023

Advanced Science

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“…Electron microscopy can be used to image nanoscale inhomogeneities, 156,157 but often rely on staining and only show localized regions. Resonant X‐rays are, therefore, particularly well suited to target the critical chemical moieties that makeup the rest of the network and how they relate to the pores or overall heterogeneity 158 …”

Section: Rsoxs Examplesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Resonant X-rays are, therefore, particularly well suited to target the critical chemical moieties that makeup the rest of the network and how they relate to the pores or overall heterogeneity. 158 An early RSoXS study by Wong and coworkers, brought attention to this unique capability in mesoporous membranes composed of a PS-PE-PS triblock copolymer (PE = polyethylene) blended with sacrificial PS to later form templated pores. 52 selection of photon energy, similar to the previous nonporous ABC triblock copolymer analysis.…”

Section: Membranesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Resonant soft X‐ray scattering in polymer science

Collins

Gann

2021

Journal of Polymer Science

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Resonant soft X-ray scattering (RSoXS) is an emerging, powerful technique to probe the nano-to-mesoscale structure of polymers and other molecules. It joins together small-angle X-ray scattering (a statistical nanoprobe) with X-ray spectroscopy that brings with it unique chemical and bond-orientation sensitivity. Through over a decade of discovery and development, RSoXS is moving from a niche technique applied to organic electronic thin films to a mature tool applicable to a plethora of polymeric and molecular systems, encompassing new modalities, analyses, and simulation methods. This development promises to deliver increasingly quantitative answers to challenging questions in polymer science as well as expand its usefulness to complementary fields. This review presents a full synopsis of the technique, including background on the theoretical underpinnings, measurement best practices, and examples of recent RSoXS applications and discoveries provided here to accelerate the transition to a broader range of soft matter and polymeric fields.

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“…To characterize the mesoscale phenomena spanning multiple spatial and temporal scales, element‐sensitive resonant soft X‐ray scattering (RSoXS) provides a chemical‐label‐free solution to resolve the internal complexity of phase separation and interfacial orientation for a range of functional soft materials. [ 3–10 ] The scattering contrast of RSoXS stems from the complex index of refraction, n ( E ) = 1 − δ( E ) + iβ ( E ), where real part δ( E ) and imaginary part β( E ) describe the dispersion and absorption aspects, respectively. Thus, contrast with chemical sensitivity can be obtained since δ and β change substantially as a function of energy near absorption edges.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Decoupling Complex Multi‐Length‐Scale Morphology in Non‐Fullerene Photovoltaics with Nitrogen K‐Edge Resonant Soft X‐ray Scattering

et al. 2021

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Complex morphology in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and other functional soft materials commonly dictates performance. Such complexity in OPVs originates from the mesoscale kinetically trapped non‐equilibrium state, which governs device charge generation and transport. Resonant soft X‐ray scattering (RSoXS) has been revolutionary in the exploration of OPV morphology in the past decade due to its chemical and orientation sensitivity. However, for non‐fullerene OPVs, RSoXS analysis near the carbon K‐edge is challenging, due to the chemical similarity of the materials used in active layers. An innovative approach is provided by nitrogen K‐edge RSoXS (NK‐RSoXS), utilizing the spatial and orientational contrasts from the cyano groups in the acceptor materials, which allows for determination of phase separation. NK‐RSoXS clearly visualizes the combined feature sizes in PM6:Y6 blends from crystallization and liquid–liquid demixing, while PM6:Y6:Y6‐BO ternary blends with reduced phase‐separation size and enhanced material crystallization can lead to current amplification in devices. Nitrogen is common in organic semiconductors and other soft materials, and the strong and directional N 1s → π* resonances make NK‐RSoXS a powerful tool to uncover the mesoscale complexity and open opportunities to understand heterogeneous systems.

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New Insights into Water Treatment Materials with Chemically Sensitive Soft and Tender X-rays

Cited by 5 publications

References 48 publications

Rational Materials and Structure Design for Improving the Performance and Durability of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes (HT‐PEMs)

Rational Materials and Structure Design for Improving the Performance and Durability of High Temperature Proton Exchange Membranes (HT‐PEMs)

Resonant soft X‐ray scattering in polymer science

Decoupling Complex Multi‐Length‐Scale Morphology in Non‐Fullerene Photovoltaics with Nitrogen K‐Edge Resonant Soft X‐ray Scattering

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