New Insights on Lilium Phylogeny Based on a Comparative Phylogenomic Study Using Complete Plastome Sequences

Abstract

The genus Lilium L. is widely distributed in the cold and temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere and is one of the most valuable plant groups in the world. Regarding the classification of the genus Lilium, Comber’s sectional classification, based on the natural characteristics, has been primarily used to recognize species and circumscribe the sections within the genus. Although molecular phylogenetic approaches have been attempted using different markers to elucidate their phylogenetic relationships, there still are unresolved clades within the genus. In this study, we constructed the species tree for the genus using 28 Lilium species plastomes, including three currently determined species (L. candidum, L. formosanum, and L. leichtlinii var. maximowiczii). We also sought to verify Comber’s classification and to evaluate all loci for phylogenetic molecular markers. Based on the results, the genus was divided into two major lineages, group A and B, consisting of eastern Asia + Europe species and Hengduan Mountains + North America species, respectively. Sectional relationships revealed that the ancestor Martagon diverged from Sinomartagon species and that Pseudolirium and Leucolirion are polyphyletic. Out of all loci in that Lilium plastome, ycf1, trnF-ndhJ, and trnT-psbD regions are suggested as evaluated markers with high coincidence with the species tree. We also discussed the biogeographical diversification and long-distance dispersal event of the genus.

Fire Blight Susceptibility in Lilium spp. Correlates to Sensitivity to Botrytis elliptica Secreted Cell Death Inducing Compounds

“…Asiatic (A) hybrids are obtained from lily species which belong to the taxonomic section Sinomartagon that is closely related to L. longiflorum (L). On the other hand, Trumpet (T) hybrids are generated from species which are closely related to species of the section Archelirion from which Oriental (O) hybrids derive ( Nishikawa et al, 1999 ; Arzate-Fernández et al, 2005 ; Shahin et al, 2014 ; Kim et al, 2019 ). Intersectional hybrids LA, OA and OT were developed after chromosome doubling in the F1 progeny and backcrossing to A or O hybrids, respectively, in order to obtain a more vigorous, triploid genotype ( van Tuyl and Arens, 2011 ).…”

“…Although the A, LA, and OA genotypes tested were in general the more susceptible groups, there was substantial variation in lesion diameters and symptom severity between individual genotypes within these groups ( Figures 3A,B ). Lilium species of the section Sinomartagon (from which the Asiatic hybrids derive) are characterized by large genetic diversity because of their polyphyletic origin ( Huang et al, 2018 ; Kim and Kim, 2018 ; Kim et al, 2019 ). Our results reveal that traits for reduced fire blight susceptibility (i.e., quantitative resistance) may be present in the germplasm of the Asiatic hybrids.…”

“…The genus Lilium consists of approximately 120 described species ( Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), 2020 ). Based on their geographical distribution and morphological traits ( De Jong, 1974 ), ribosomal DNA sequences ( Nishikawa et al, 1999 ; Nishikawa, 2007 ) and the chloroplast genome ( Du et al, 2017 ; Kim et al, 2019 ), the genus Lilium is phylogenetically divided in seven taxonomic sections ( Pelkonen and Pirttilä, 2012 ; Angiosperm Phylogeny Group (APG), 2020 ). The assortment of commercial lily genotypes includes thousands of hybrids that were generated via intra sectional crosses between different Lilium species and these have been divided into four hybrid groups: Asiatic (A), Longiflorum (L), Trumpet (T), and Oriental (O).…”

Prediction of temperature tolerance in Lilium based on distribution and climate data

“…China is considered as a center of origin for Lilium , yet a small number of studies have been carried out on the researches of wild Lilium ’ evaluation and utilization, especially abiotic tolerances. Previous studies about Chinese Lilium have focused on morphological characterization ( Niu et al., 2010 ; Xiang et al., 2005 ), taxonomic ( Liu et al., 2017 ), phylogenetic ( Kim et al., 2019 ; Zhou et al., 2020 ), genetic variability, and diversity ( Wang et al., 2016 ). Thus, we want to develop a comprehensive understanding of the realized niche of Lilium in this study, which can provide a new insight into the tolerance evaluation of Lilium .…”

Plant Organelle DNA Maintenance

“…Many attempts using molecular phylogenetic approaches have been made; however, there remain unresolved clades in the genus. Kim et al [6] sequenced the chloroplast genome of 28 Lilium species and used these sequences to construct a species tree in order to increase the accuracy of phylogenetic relationships for unresolved taxa.…”