New is always better: Novelty modulates oculomotor learning

Meermeier, Annegret; Gremmler, Svenja; Lappe, Markus

doi:10.1167/17.11.13

Cited by 5 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…We studied the influence of image content on the strength of saccadic adaptation to meaningful images. While most studies on saccadic adaptation were performed with simple point targets, the present study and two previous ones (Meermeier et al, 2016;Meermeier et al, 2017) showed that adaptation strength depends on image content. Experiment 3 of the present study and the experiments in Meermeier et al (2016) showed that adaptation of saccades to images of humans is stronger than to noise images.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 43%

“…Experiment 3 of the present study and the experiments in Meermeier et al (2016) showed that adaptation of saccades to images of humans is stronger than to noise images. The results of Meermeier et al (2017) showed that adaptation of saccades to such images is even stronger when each trial presents a novel image than when the same image is shown repeatedly, suggesting that novelty of image content is also processed in saccadic adaptation. Experiments 1 and 2 of the present study, however, showed that saccades to meaningful character strings (i.e., words) and saccades to high-value images from the video game Candy Crush did not produce stronger adaptation than saccades to the respective meaningless or low-value counterparts.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…The prior distribution was centered at 0, since we wanted to investigate possible deviations from the null hypothesis (i.e., that there is no difference between conditions). To estimate the width of the prior distribution we used the data from the previous experiments (Meermeier et al, 2016;Meermeier et al, 2017). The standard deviation of single subjects' differences in the amount of achieved adaptation was 5.75 and 5.97.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although this is an intuitive explanation, it does not seem to be the whole story. In Meermeier et al (2017), we investigated the effect of novelty in the adaptation paradigm. In a scanning outward adaptation task, the same image of a human figure was always presented in one position, whereas in the other position, a new picture of a human figure was presented in every trial.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In previous studies we have shown that meaningful visual images can act as reinforcers for saccades, as saccadic adaptation was stronger to images of human bodies (head and torso) than to noise patterns (Meermeier et al, 2016). Moreover, when the saccade target displayed a novel image in every trial rather than always the same image, adaptation was even stronger (Meermeier, Gremmler, & Lappe, 2017). If visual inspection, curiosity, or social interactions are considered basic needs, the described images of humans might be categorized as primary reinforcers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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The reward of seeing: Different types of visual reward and their ability to modify oculomotor learning

Meermeier¹,

Gremmler²,

Richert

et al. 2017

Journal of Vision

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Saccadic adaptation is an oculomotor learning process that maintains the accuracy of eye movements to ensure effective perception of the environment. Although saccadic adaptation is commonly considered an automatic and low-level motor calibration in the cerebellum, we recently found that strength of adaptation is influenced by the visual content of the target: pictures of humans produced stronger adaptation than noise stimuli. This suggests that meaningful images may be considered rewarding or valuable in oculomotor learning. Here we report three experiments that establish the boundaries of this effect. In the first, we tested whether stimuli that were associated with high and low value following long term self-administered reinforcement learning produce stronger adaptation. Twenty-eight expert gamers participated in two sessions of adaptation to game-related high- and low-reward stimuli, but revealed no difference in saccadic adaptation (Bayes Factor01 = 5.49). In the second experiment, we tested whether cognitive (literate) meaning could induce stronger adaptation by comparing targets consisting of words and nonwords. The results of twenty subjects revealed no difference in adaptation strength (Bayes Factor01 = 3.21). The third experiment compared images of human figures to noise patterns for reactive saccades. Twenty-two subjects adapted significantly more toward images of human figures in comparison to noise (p < 0.001). We conclude that only primary (human vs. noise), but not secondary, reinforcement affects saccadic adaptation (words vs. nonwords, high- vs. low-value video game images).

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Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 43%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 87%

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The reward of seeing: Different types of visual reward and their ability to modify oculomotor learning

Meermeier¹,

Gremmler²,

Richert

et al. 2017

Journal of Vision

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Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements

Wolf¹,

Lappe²

2021

Cogn Neurodyn

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Humans and other primates are equipped with a foveated visual system. As a consequence, we reorient our fovea to objects and targets in the visual field that are conspicuous or that we consider relevant or worth looking at. These reorientations are achieved by means of saccadic eye movements. Where we saccade to depends on various low-level factors such as a targets’ luminance but also crucially on high-level factors like the expected reward or a targets’ relevance for perception and subsequent behavior. Here, we review recent findings how the control of saccadic eye movements is influenced by higher-level cognitive processes. We first describe the pathways by which cognitive contributions can influence the neural oculomotor circuit. Second, we summarize what saccade parameters reveal about cognitive mechanisms, particularly saccade latencies, saccade kinematics and changes in saccade gain. Finally, we review findings on what renders a saccade target valuable, as reflected in oculomotor behavior. We emphasize that foveal vision of the target after the saccade can constitute an internal reward for the visual system and that this is reflected in oculomotor dynamics that serve to quickly and accurately provide detailed foveal vision of relevant targets in the visual field.

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Task-relevance is causal in eye movement learning and adaptation

Souto

Schütz

2020

Psychology of Learning and Motivation

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New is always better: Novelty modulates oculomotor learning

Cited by 5 publications

References 37 publications

The reward of seeing: Different types of visual reward and their ability to modify oculomotor learning

The reward of seeing: Different types of visual reward and their ability to modify oculomotor learning

Vision as oculomotor reward: cognitive contributions to the dynamic control of saccadic eye movements

Task-relevance is causal in eye movement learning and adaptation

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