New isolate from Salvinia molesta with antioxidant and urease inhibitory activity

Abstract

Urease plays a significant role in the pathogenesis of urolithiasis pyelonephritis, urinary catheter encrustation, hepatic coma, hepatic encephalopathy, and peptic acid duodenal ulcers. Salvinia molesta was explored to identify new bioactive compounds with particular emphasis on urease inhibitors. The aqueous methanol extract was fractionated using solvents of increasing polarity. A series of column chromatography and later HPLC were performed on butanol extract. The structures of the resulting pure compounds were resolved using NMR (1D and 2D), infrared, and mass spectroscopy. The novel isolate was evaluated for antioxidant activity (using DPPH, superoxide anion radical scavenging, oxidative burst, and Fe +2 chelation assays), anti-glycation behavior, anticancer activity, carbonic anhydrase inhibition, phosphodiesterase inhibition, and urease inhibition. One new glucopyranose deriva-(1) and four known glycosides were identified. Glycoside 1 demonstrated promising antioxidant potential with IC 50 values of 48.2 ± 0.3, 60.3 ± 0.6, and 42.1 ± 1.8 μM against DPPH, superoxide radical, and oxidative burst, respectively. Its IC 50 in the Jack bean urease inhibition assay was 99.1 ± 0.8 μM. The mechanism-based kinetic studies presented that compound 1 is a mixed-type inhibitor of urease with a K i value of 91.8 ± 0.1 μM. Finally, molecular dynamic simulations exploring the binding mode of compound 1 with urease provided quantitative agreement between estimated binding free energies and the experimental results. The studies corroborate the use of compound 1 as a lead for QSAR studies as an antioxidant and urease inhibitor.Moreover, it needs to be further evaluated through the animal model, that is, in vivo or tissue culture-based ex-vivo studies, to establish their therapeutic potential against oxidative stress phosphodiesterase-II and urease-induced pathologies.

The Biochemistry and Effectiveness of Antioxidants in Food, Fruits, and Marine Algae

“…Butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) is composed of a mixture of two isomers 2 and 3 tributyl-4-hydroxyanisole (C 11 H 16 O 2 ). It is a white-yellow crystalline substance insoluble in water, but soluble in ethyl alcohol and other organic solvents [ 112 , 113 ]. It has good resistance to high temperatures, and as a result, it can be used for frying, boiling, and baking products.…”

“…It has good resistance to high temperatures, and as a result, it can be used for frying, boiling, and baking products. It is carefully used in lower concentrations of 0.01%–0.02% for its antioxidant effect [ 112 , 113 ]. Despite its favorable properties, rational use of BHA must be considered [ 114 ], as at higher concentrations, it can cause carcinogenicity, cytotoxicity, oxidative stress induction, endocrine disruption [ 114 , 115 ], and important side effects of tert-butylhydroxyanisole, such as reducing hepatic enzymes or toxic effects in lung tissue [ 116 ].…”

Biallelic Mutations in P4HTM Cause Syndromic Obesity

“…The mutational consequences in substrate binding site of P4HTM were also investigated through molecular docking of orally active HIF-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor, FG-2216 1 , inside the active site of P4HTM. Molecular docking was performed by AutoDock Vina using a standard protocol as described previously 6 . The impact of the mutation on the overall structural dynamics of P4HTM and binding conformations of FG-2216 in mutants compared to its wildtype (wt) was analyzed using MD simulations.…”

Design, Synthesis, Characterization and Computational Studies of Mannich Bases Oxadiazole Derivatives as New Class of Jack Bean Urease Inhibitors

“…In the acidic media of the stomach, the survival of Helicobacter pylori is facilitated by urease which leads to gastric and peptic ulcers [6] . In addition, ureases are involved in acute pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, infection‐induced reactive arthritis, and infection by Yersinia enterocolitica and Proteus mirabilis [7–10] . Therefore, the synthesis of safe as well as effective urease inhibitors constitutes a vital region of research for both agriculture and pharmaceutical applications [11,12] .…”

“…[6] In addition, ureases are involved in acute pyelonephritis, urolithiasis, infection-induced reactive arthritis, and infection by Yersinia enterocolitica and Proteus mirabilis. [7][8][9][10] Therefore, the synthesis of safe as well as effective urease inhibitors constitutes a vital region of research for both agriculture and pharmaceutical applications. [11,12] All the ureases that originate from different sources display similar mechanisms of action due to common tertiary structures that are highly conserved and the sequences of amino acids in the enzyme's active site.…”