Radioisotopes, also called radionuclides, are unstable atoms that spontaneously decay to more stable elements or other atoms by emission of matter or energy. Radioisotopes are routinely used to determine the ages of materials, for diagnostics and treatment of diseases, for nondestructive evaluation of materials, for the tracking of groundwater or air flow, for food sterilization, and for many other applications.
This article summarizes the nuclear physics properties of radioisotopes and the various radiation particles, including the concepts of half‐life, decay constant, angular momentum, and parity. The modes of nuclear decay and the accompanying radiation are described, as are combined nuclear and atomic processes, and atomic decays and corresponding radiations. Applications for science, medicine, and industry uses of various isotopes are discussed and their production methods are described.