“…This research is timely because individuals are increasingly spending more of their hours alone, sometimes volitionally, as in the recent trend worldwide trend of choosing to live alone (Klinenberg, 2012) or involuntarily, as in the case of being widowed (Dahlberg et al, 2018) or socially isolated due to the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic (Luchetti et al, 2020). In addition, people of all ages are increasingly spending more time alone online, and the costs and benefits of solitary digital technology have been documented and regularly updated as these technologies continue to evolve and become more mainstream (see Burnell et al, 2021, for a review). While some studies have found that solitary online experiences can be useful, for example in terms of relieving stress (Leung, 2015) or accessing mental health resources (Hollis et al, 2020), other evidence indicates that excessive smartphone use is a lonely, isolating experience rather than a socially connected one (Kim, 2021; Thomas et al, 2021; Twenge et al, 2019).…”