New Method Proving Clausius Inequality

Abstract

It is impossible that proving the internal energy change has the relations with volume and pressure. About the second law of thermodynamics, many mistakes of formulations need to be put right and modified, and many new concepts are surveyed too. The equality and inequality on the ratios of internal energy change to temperature and work to temperature are discussed. The relation between the reversible paths and their realistic paths is also researched. In an isothermal process, the internal energy change for the gases is equal to zero, but the internal energy change is not equal to zero for the phase transition or chemical reaction. The Clausius inequality can be derived from the equation calculating the internal energy change in mathematics; it is the new method proving the Clausius inequality. These change laws of thermodynamics could be applied to the gravitational field and mechanical motion and so on.

Confirmation of the First Law of Thermodynamics in Theory and Extended Bernoulli Equation

“…The friction does not exist in any reversible process. The follow equations derived from the Clausius inequality have to be obeyed[5] [16] [17][18], they are as follows:…”