“…5). At this 'gateway' palaeogeographical position, the Sino-MongolianJapanese Province would have been influenced by both coldwater currents from the Mongol-Okhotsk Ocean in the north and the northward-deflected warm-water palaeoequatorial currents 68N Lin and Fuller, 1998 Data from Fujita and Newberry, 1982;Khramov and Ustritskiy, 1990;Smethurst et al, 1998;Kravchinskiy et al, 2002a,b;Xu et al, 1997;Sharps et al, 1992;Pruner, 1987;Tang, 1989;Zakharov and Sokarev, 1991;Zhu et al, 1998;Huang et al, 2001;Fang et al, 1990;McFadden and McElhinny, 1988;Hattori and Hirooka, 1979;Lin and Fuller, 1998. from the Palaeo-Tethys and Panathalassa to the south. It is probably, due to this unique tectono-palaeogeographical position, coupled with intermingled cold-and warm-water palaeocean currents, that a distinctively mixed cold-and warm-water marine biota became established in East Asia during the Middle Permian.…”