Using a specially designed Monte Carlo algorithm with directed loops, we investigate the triangular lattice Ising antiferromagnet with coupling beyond nearest neighbour. We show that the first-order transition from the stripe state to the paramagnet can be split, giving rise to an intermediate nematic phase in which algebraic correlations coexist with a broken symmetry. Furthermore, we demonstrate the emergence of several properties of a more topological nature such as fractional edge excitations in the stripe state, the proliferation of double domain walls in the nematic phase, and the Kasteleyn transition between them. Experimental implications are briefly discussed.The triangular-lattice Ising antiferromagnet (TLIAF) is the archetypal model of frustration. Ground states of the nearest-neighbour (n.n.) model obey the local constraint that triangles cannot host three equivalent Ising spins, and it follows that there is an extensive entropy 1,2 . This results in a critical state, characterised by algebraic correlations between the spins 3,4 .In reality, interactions are rarely limited to n.n., and a more realistic Hamiltonian takes the form,where σ i = ±1 and J ij > 0. This model is experimentally relevant in a diverse range of systems, including artificial dipolar magnets 5 , materials such as Ba 3 CuSb 2 O 9 where electrically charged dumbbells act as Ising degrees of freedom 6,7 , trapped ions 8,9 , frustrated Coulomb liquids 10 , Josephson junction arrays 11 and absorbed monolayers 12 .In spite of its ubiquity, this model has received limited attention. The difficulty in analysing H Is [Eq. 1] arises from the critical nature of the n.n. ground-state manifold, which is very sensitive to perturbation, and in the presence of further-neighbour coupling the model is not amenable to an analytic solution. Besides, in the limit J 1 → ∞ as compared to the other characteristic energy scales of the problem (J 2 , J 3 , etc.), Monte Carlo (MC) simulations based on the Metropolis algorithm are unable to reach the ground state, and the problem of freezing remains even when this constraint is relaxed, for example in the case of dipolar interactions 13 .The current understanding of the properties of H Is is based on estimates of the energy and entropy of different types of extended defects. This results in the prediction that the broken Z 2 ×Z 3 symmetry of the low-temperature stripe state 14,16,17 can be restored either in a single firstorder transition, or via a pair of transitions, where the low-temperature, Z 2 -restoring transition is second order and the higher-temperature, Z 3 -restoring transition is * deceased
FIG. 1:Representative phase diagrams of the TLIAF with J 1 → ∞, determined by MC simulation. All phase boundaries were determined from the winding number. first order 14 . When the transition is split, an intermediate phase of nematic type is revealed, and it is characterised by a set of fluctuating double domain walls 14 (ddw).In this letter, we show that the difficulty in simulating the TLIAF with MC arises...