New patterns in the locational choice of immigrants in Spain

Reassembling the Rural: Socio‐Economic Dynamics, Inequalities and Resilience in Crisis‐Stricken Rural Greece

“…According to the international migration literature, the moving populations have a higher capacity and better resources to improve their wellbeing in the destination region (De Haas 2010). Mobility intensifies inequalities between regions, while they are exacerbated in periods of crisis, as the example of Spain well illustrates (Alama-Sabater et al 2017).…”

The Impact of Immigrant Diversity on Wages. The Spanish Experience

“…Indeed, until the last two decades of the previous century, this country was eminently a source of emigrants [42]. At the beginning of the 20th century, Spain was behind the most developed European countries in terms of industrialization and urban development which led many Spaniards to emigrate to South American countries and North Africa [6,43]. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, and after the Spanish Civil War, when over 500,000 people left the country given the poor economic conditions and political restrictions in Spain, mass emigration to Europe took place [43].…”

“…In just a few decades, fuelled by this economic "boom", Spain shifted from being a sending country to a receiving country in terms of migration, becoming one of the main destinations for international migration [44]. As can be seen in Figure 1 During the expansion, immigrants-mostly Europeans, closely followed by Latin Americans and Africans (Moroccans)-moved to Spain in search of more and better employment opportunities without drawing any kind of distinction between the types of position they could be employed in [6,42]. Moreover, despite its low importance until the end of the 20th century, as of 2008, the presence of Asians, especially those from China, increased notably [45].…”

“…became less relevant and the weight of immigration from developed countries motivated by socioeconomic reasons increased [1,4]. Regional location preferences also varied during this period, with coastal provinces (including Cantabria and Andalusia) playing a more important role in the attraction of immigrants [6]. Similarly, the variety of immigrants' countries of birth differs geographically.…”

“…We did so by focusing on the years after the economic crisis that began at the end of 2007, thus taking into account the changes that occurred in the immigration patterns with the new macroeconomic scenario. The specific case of Spain is of special relevance given the importance of the so-called "permanent tourists" during this period [6]. This phenomenon might indeed mitigate the effects on wages of a greater cultural diversity, thus leading to ambiguous results, since it would be reasonable to expect that many of these immigrants never participate in the labour market.…”